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Bacteria and Archaea Ch 27 (Concept 27.1 and 27.2 (Prokaryotes were the…
Bacteria and Archaea Ch 27
Maters of Adaptation
Halobacterium species are among the most salt-tolerant organisms on Earth
Prokaryotic species are also very well adapted to more "normal" habitats
The number of prokaryotes in a handful of fertile soil is greater than the number of people who have ever lived
The waters of Laguna Salada de Torrevieja in Spain are many times saltier than seawater
Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, they are bacteria and archaea
Concept 27.1 and 27.2
Prokaryotes were the first organisms to inhabit the Earth
The three most common shapes are spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals
Eukaryote cell walls are made of cellulose or chitin
Peptidoglycan is a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides
Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan
Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
Three factors contribute to genetic diversity: rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination
Genetic recombination is the combining of DNA from two sources
Transduction is the movement of genes between bacteria by phages
Conjugation is the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells
Concept 27.3 and 27.4
Phototrophs obtain energy from light
Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemicals
Autotrophs require CO2 or related compounds as a carbon source
Heterotrophs require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds
Four major modes of nutrition: photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph
Prokaryotes now inhabit every environment known to support life
Bacteria include the vast majority of prokaryotic species familiar to most people
Concept 27.5 and 27.6
If prokaryotes disappear life surviving on Earth would be dim
Decomposers are breaking down dead organisms and waste products
prokaryotes also immobilize or decrease the availability of nutrients
Symbiosis is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact
commensalism is one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way
Exotoxins are secreted and cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them are not persent
Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and cell walls break down
