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Ch 27; Bacteria and Archea (Domain Prokaryotic; 1st organisms to inhibit…
Ch 27; Bacteria and Archea
Eukaryotics difference between a prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Flagellum1/10th of the width not a common decedent for bacteria/eukayotic or Archea
No membrane
Reproduce by binary fussion
No nuclear envelope
Has circular DNA
Eukaryotic
Flagellum; Covered in extensions of plasma membrane
has membrane
Reproduce through Meiosis and fertilization
Nuclear envelope
No circular genetic material
Domain Prokaryotic; 1st organisms to inhibit the Earth
Most unicellular
Has no membrane, has a nucleiod
plasmid (genetic material in circular)
Smaller than a Eukaryotic cell.
0.5-5 um
Cell wall
Protects
Some capsules can protect from dehydration and prevent pathogenic
Adhere their substrates
Endospores when it lacks water or essential nutients
Cell makes copy to surround and copy and make a multi layer structure
Can survive in boiling water
Maintain shape
Usually made out of peptidoglycan (detected by gram staining) ONLY FOR BACTERIA
Gram negative; has a complex cell wall few peptidoglycan
Tend to be more resistant to antibiotics compared to gram positive
Gram positive; simple cell wall made out of many peptidoglycan
Tends to be easier with antibiotics but has virulent stains (which resist 1 or more antibiotics)
Some stick there substrate to one another through the fimbriae
Sex pili; transfers DNA to one cell to another
Flagellum is used to moved
Taxis; can move away or towards stimulant
42 kinds of protein
Rod, hook, filament usually related to ancestor
Reproduction through binary fussion
Mutations are caused by genetic recombination
Horizontal gene transfer; one gene to one organism to another
Transformation; altered by foreign DNA
Conjugation; DNA is transferred between 2 prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined.
F factor; DNA doner
R plasmids; carry resistance genes through plasmids
Some function for decomposition
Can also convert some molecules to forms that can be taken up by other organisms
Metabolic adaptions
nitrogen metabolism
Obligate aerobes must use O2 for cellular respiration and can-not grow without it.
Obligate anaerobes, on the other hand, are poisoned by O2. Some obligate anaerobes live exclusively by fermentation;
extract chemical energy by anaerobic respiration
Facultative anaerobes use O2
Comparing bacteria, Eukaryotic, Archea
Archea
Some branched hydrocarbons
Several kinds of RNA
Has introns in some genes
In some has presence of histones
Circular DNA
Can be affected by higher temperatures only some
Lived in extreme environments
release methane for energy
Eukayotic
Bacteria
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Unbranched hydrocarbons
One kind of RNA
Formylmethlonine for protein synthesis
Rarely introns in genes
Circular chromosome
Plays central role for symbiosis
symbiont
mutualism
commensalism
Parasitism
Can cause illness
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
Exotoxins are proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms.
