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Chapter 15: Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development…
Chapter 15: Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development
Concepts
Differential Activation of Genes
Cells are all different
DNA and RNA
Storing Genetic Information
Protecting the Genes
DNA does not produce protein but mRNA instead
DNA stored in the nucleus of the cell
Nucleosomes and histones bind to make chromatin
The Genetic Code
The Structure of Genes
TATA box
Promoter regions
RNA Polymerase II
Exons and Introns
Transcription of Genes
hnRNA (heterogeneous nclear)
Hairpin Loop
Poly(A) Tail
Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes
tRNA
mRNA Translation
Initiation of Translation
Eukaryotic Initation Factors (eIFs)
Frameshift error
Elongation of the Protein Chain
P channel and A channel
enters at random
Termination of Translation
When a stop codon is pulled into the A channel
the high energy bond holding the protein to the p channel is broken
Plants and People: Genetic Engineering and Evolution
GMOs (Genetically Modified)
Protection against herbicides like Glyphophate
Making plants stronger against droughts
Control of Protein Levels
differentiation and morphogenesis
Transcription factors
Trans-acting Factors and Cis-acting Factors
Micro-RNAs
Analysis of Genes and Recombination DNA Techniques
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
DNA melting and DNA denaturation
Hybridization and Reannealing
Restriction Endonucleases
Palindromes
DNA ligase
Recombination DNA
Identifying DNA Fragments
Evolutionary Studies
Restriction map
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
Physiological Studies
Reverse transcriptase
Complementary DNA (cDNA)
Expression profiling
DNA microarray
DNA Cloning
The Polymerase Chain Reaction
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
short sequence like AAAAAA which has a pair of TTTTTT
Plasmid
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)
DNA Sequencing
Chain termination method
pyrosequencing method
open-reading frame (ORF)
Sequencing Entire Genomes
Copies the DNA multiple times to then break down into many pieces to decode it
Genetic Engineering of Plants
GMOs which many people for some dumb reason do not like
They help make better crops to help feed our every growing population
ti plasmid
Viruses
Virus Structure
Retroviruses
Split genome viruses
Virus Metabolism
Bacteriophages
Virulent
Temperature may stop production
Formation of New Virus Particles
Viruses adapt so that they can stay alive
Origin of Viruses
Closely related to a host
fragments of a host help build viruses
Plant Diseases Caused by Viruses
plants suffer from virus caused diseases as well
there are only a few effective treatments for plants
