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Biochemistry (Vocabulary (monomer: a single unit or monomer; mono = one…
Biochemistry
Vocabulary
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polymer: a large molecule made up of smaller molecules; poly = many
ex) Protein is a polymer. AMino acids are the monomers.
Synthesis: to make or build
ex) Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction in the body that helps build molecules. dehydration = loss of water
-lysis: a suffix (ending of a word) that means "to break" ex) In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to break apart polymer into monomers.
Biomolecule: any molecule produced by a living organism, including large macromolecules (macro = big)
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Enzyme: a protein used to speed u reactions in the body
ex) The enzyme amylase in saliva starts digestion in your mouth.
denature: when a molecule is changed and loses some of its original properties
ex) If an enzyme is denatured, it can't function property.
hydro-: a prefix that means water
ex) In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to break apart polymers into monomers.
dehydration: the loss of water, can join molecules
ex) Dehydration occurs when more water is lost than taken in.
Biomolecules
Carbohydrate
Polymer: polysaccharide (starch)
Monomer: monosaccharide (glucose)
6 carbon sugar
Function: quick energy release
Example: sugars like glucose and starch
Lipid
Polymer: not directly bonded, just grouped
Monomer: fatty acid
glycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acids or 3 hydrocarbon chains
Function: waterproofing and energy storage
Example: body fat and cell membrances
Protein
Polymer: polypeptide
Monomer: amino acid
Contains an amino group, hydrogen group, carboxyl group, and r-group
Function: speed up reactions and build parts of the body
Example: enzymes, bone, keratin, antibodies
Nucleic Acid
Polymer: nucleic acid chain
Monomer: nucleotide
Five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
Function: genetic material
Example: DNA and RNA
Enzyme
Are made of protein
Act on certain substrates
Specific to substrate (shape must match)
Increase the rate at which molecules in the body are built or broken down
Are catalyst (they speed up reactions and lower the activation energy so it takes less energy to happen)
Enzymes are not changed during the reaction, so they are reusable.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex: substrate binds to active site, reaction takes place, product is released; enzyme stays the same
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Not just for digestion
ATPase catalyzes muscle movement
2 main groups (metabolic chemical reactions in the cell and digestive: break down food)
Without enzymes, body won't function right