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Animal Functions/ Nutrition (food processing (organs for food processign…
Animal Functions/ Nutrition
Anatomy
biological form, to species survival
Physiology
biological function
"External surfaces"
diffusion, moving things across the membrane
Respiratory
Lung, sponge-like balloon, provides expansive wet surface for gas exchange with environment
Excretory
waste from blood, blood clots filtered across surface of long narrow blood vessels into ball- shaped
Digestive
small intestine, expand surface area for nutrient absorption
Circulatory
carries chemicals transported across these surfaces through out the body
Animal Organ system
tissues
groups of cells with similar appearance and a common function
nervous
receipt, processing, transmission of information, contain neurons, nerve cells, which transmit nerve impulses
muscle
skeletal
voluntary movements , striation, bones/ tendons
smooth
churning stomach, construction of arteries, walls of arteries
cardiac
synchronize heart construction, wall of heart
connective
fibrous
in tendons, attach to muscle to bones, ligaments bones --> joints
bone
cartilage, secretes collagen, flexible cushions between vertabraes
calcium, phosphate ions combine into hard minerals w/ matrix
adipose
stores fat in adipose cells, fat --> fuel
blood
water, salts, dissolvents proteins, carry oxygen prevent blood clotting
loose connective
fibers= glue (binding protection), holds organs in place
epithelial
Squamous
thin lines blood vessels and air sacs of the lungs (diffusion of nutrients/gases)
pseudostratified
from mucus membrane that lines portions of respiratory tract
columnar
secretion or active absorption
stratisfied
multiple layer of epithelical cells
Cubodial
makes up epithelium of kidney, tubules
Organs
different types of tissues are further organized into functional units
Organ system
groups of organs working together, providing level of organization and coordination
Disgestive
Mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
food processing (digestion, absorption, elimination, etc)
Circulatory
heart, blood vessels, blood
internal distribution of materials
Respiratory
Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
Gas exchange (uptake of oxygen, disposal of carbon
Immune and lymphatic
bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
Body defense (fighting infections and virally induced cancers)
Excretory
kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra
disposal of metabolic waste; regulation of osmotic balance of blood
Endocrine
pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal,
coordination of body cavities
Reproductive
ovaries and testes and associated organs
gamete production; support of developing embryo, promotion of fertalization
Nervous
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
coordination of body cavities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them
Integumentary
skin and its derivatives (hair, claws, etc)
protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermo regulation
Skeletal
bones, tendons, ligaments
body support
Muscular
skeletal muscles
locomotion and other movement
Coordination and Control
tissues and organ systems to perform their specialized functions effectively
Endocrine System
signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in the body
hormones, signaling molecules that are broadcast through out
stimulus, endocrine cell
hormones, signal travels everywhere via the bloodstream
Response: limited to cells that have a receptor for the signal
Nervous system
neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body
Stimulus, cell body of neuron
nerve impulse, axons
Response: limited to cells that connect by specialized junctions to an axon that transmits an impulse
integumentary system
outer covering of the body
skin, hair, nails, etc
Circulatory system
countercurrent exchange, transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
near the end of their leg, where blood has been cooled to far below the animals core temp
arteries carrying warm blood to the animals extremities are in close contact w veins conveying cool blood in opp direction
as the blood in the veins approaches the center of the body
Feedback control
regulator
for an environmental variable if it uses internal mechanism to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
conformer
if it allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the particular variable
large bass mouth, meanwhile, allow its internal environment to conform to the water temperature
the river otter regulates its body temperature, keeping it stable across a wide range of environmental temperatures
homeostasis
"steady state"
room temperature increases, thermostat heater off, room temperature decreases, set point
vise versa
regulating room temperature depends on a control center that detects temperature change and activities mechanisms that reverse that change
set point
body temperature or solute concentration, at or near a particular value
stimulus
variable above or below the set point serves
response
control center
physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point
feedback control in homesostasis
negative feedback
control mechanism that "damps" its stimulus
positive feedback
control mechanism that amplifies the stimulus
Alterations in homeostasis
acclimatization
animals physiological adjustments to changes in its external environment
circadian rhythm
certain cyclic alternation in metabolism
the human circadian clock
variation in core body temperature and melatonin concentration in blood
Thermoregulation
process in which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range
endothermic
meaning that they are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism
ectothermic
meaning that they gain most of their heat from external sources
evaporation
removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas
radiation
emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero
conduction
direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects contacts
convection
transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid
breeze contributing to heat loss from a lizards dry skin
blood vessels in skin dilate; capillaries, fill w warm blood; heat radiates from skin
body temp decreases
such as when in cold surroundings
normal body temp
sweat glands secrete sweat
hypothalamus activate warming mechanisms
skeletal muscles rapidly contract, blood vessels in skin constrict
Quantifying energy use
metabolic rate
sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach and is not experiencing stress
standard metabolic rate (SMR)
metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed
relationship of bmr per kilogram of body mass to body size for the same mammals as in (a)
bmr to body size for various mammals
Torpor and energy conservation
torpor
physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
hibernation
is long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
life challenges and solutions in plants and animals
absorption
organism need to absorb nutrients
gas exchange
exchange of certain gases with the environment is essential
transport
simplest multicellular organism must transport nutrients and waste products between locations in the body
nutritional mode
must obtain energy and carbon from the environment to grow, survive, reproduce
growth and regulation
physiology of both plants and animals are regulated by hormones
environmental response
must detect and respond appropriately to conditions in their environment
reproduction
sexual reproduction specialized tissues and structures produce and exchange gametes
food processing
digestion
second stage of food processing, food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
enzymes break down food down into small particles
digestive enzymes released from grand cell
engulfed and digested
digestive compartments
extracellular
break down of food in compartments that are continuous on the outside
gastrovascular
distribution of nutrients throughout the body
alimentary canal
complete digestive tract
intracellular
hydrolic enzymes break down the food
food vacoules
absorption
animal cells take up small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars
Ingestion
the act of eating or feeding
elimination
undigested material passes out of the digestive system, complete process
Feeding mechanisms
substrate feeding
are animals that live in or on their food source
fluid feeding
suck nutrients rich fluid from a living host
filter feeders
strain small organisms or food particles from the surrounding medium
bulk feeding
eat relatively large pieces of food
organs for food processign
salivary glands
arrival of food in oral cavity triggers release of saliva
oral cavity
soon as a bite of food enters your mouth
pharynx connects to trachea and esophagus
pharynx --> prevent from stuck in trachea --> down to stomach
epiglottis, sphincter
parietal cells
produce components of hydrolyic acid
chief cells
inactive form of pepsin
mucous cells
secretes mucus, which protects the cells lining in stomach
gastric gland
secrete diff components of gastric juice
interior surface of stomach
leads into tubular gastric glands
amylase
breaks down starch
mucus
slippery glycoporteins
bolus
helping shape into ball
pharyx
throat region which leads to
esophagus
tube that connects to stomach
.
peristalsis
waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
sphincter
ringlike valve muscle
trachea
stomach
pepsinogen
protease
pepsin
small intestine
alimentary canal
bile
liver
gall bladder
duoderm
pancreas
absorption
villi
micro villi
Animal nutrition
nutrition
food being taken in, taken apart and take up
carnivores
mostly eat plants or algae
omnivores
don't in fact eat everything, but they do regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae
herbivores
eat meat, dine mainly on animals
Essential nutrients
substances that an animal requires but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules
essential amino acids
remaining amino acids must be obtained from the animals food in prefabricated form
vitamin (coenzyme)
mineral (cofactor)
essential amino acids (monomers of polypeptide)
essential fatty acid (substrate enzyme)
essential fatty acids
these molecules must be obtained from the diet
vitamin
are organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amount (0.01-100 mg)
retinol, dark green and orange vegetables and fruits, skin disorders, blindness
minerals
inorganic nutrients, such as iron and sulfur that are required in small amounts (1mg - 2500 mg per day)
calcium, dairy products, impaired growth, loss of bone mass
