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Skeletal System & Joints (Components of a Typical Long Bone (Spongy…

- - - - dense irregular connective tissue for protection
      - attachment place for tendons & ligaments
      - covers compact bone except condyles
    - - osteogenic tissue
        
        capable of generating new bone & tissue
  - - - covered in periosteum except on condyles
  - - - in spongy bone in adults
      - soft, gelatinous substance
      - place of blood cell formation
      - all bone marrow is red up to age seven
        
        after age seven - skull, vertebrae, coxal bones, sternum, ribs, & proximal ends of humerus & femur remain having red bone marrow
    - - in diaphysis of long bone
      - soft, gelatinous substance
      - adipose (fat) tissue for energy storage
      - after age seven - all other bones transition to yellow bone marrow
- - - - liberates (frees) calcium & phosphorous into the bloodstream
        
        organic matter is taken up by the osteoclasts & broken down inside the cell
- - - - in skull only
      - no movement
    - - dense regular connective tissue
      - little to no movement
      - connects ligaments with bones
      - ex: distal tibiofibular joint
    - - soft spots in babies
      - membrane between cranial bones before coming together completely
    - - where a tooth meets the mandible/maxillae
      - periodontal ligaments in alveolus
      - immoveable
  - - - in epiphyseal plate
      - ex: connecting first rib & manubrium of sternum
      - made of hyaline cartilage
      - immoveable
    - - ex: pubic symphysis & intervertebral joints (discs)
      - surrounding hyaline cartilage
      - interior made of fibrocartilage
      - slightly moveable
  - - - Outer layer
        
        dense irregular connective tissue
        
        contains periosteum
      - Inner layer
        
        areolar connective tissue
        
        has a synovial membrane
        
        produces/secretes synovial fluid
        
        slippery fluid filling joint cavity
        
        reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
    - - fibrous sack filled with synovial fluid
      - it rolls
      - found between skin & bone, muscle & bone, ligament & bone, & tendon & bone
      - Tendon sheath
        
        specialized bursa
        
        wraps around tendons
        
        located in various places including wrists & ankles
    - - Plane joint
        
        for gliding
        
        ex: intercarpal joints, inter tarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
      - Hinge joint
        
        for flexion & extension
        
        ex: elbow joints, knee joints, & interphalangeal joints
      - Pivot joint
        
        for rotation
        
        ex: proximal radioulnar joints & atlantoaxial joint
      - Condylar joint
        
        for flexion & extension & adduction & abduction
        
        ex: metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints & wirst joints
      - Saddle joint
        
        for adduction & abduction & flexion & extension
        
        ex: carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
      - Ball-and-socket joint
        
        for flexion & extension, adduction & abduction, & rotation
        
        ex: shoulder joints & hip joints