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Research Methods (Questionnaire (Strengths (Quick & cheap, Reach lots…

- - - - Goldthorpe (1968): study on employment
      - Chubb and Moe (1980's): parental attitudes towards education
    - - Same questions asked each time - can be repeated
      - Quantitative data - reliable, positivism.
      - Interview can explain and clarify
      - Much higher response rate than questionnaires
    - - More expensive than other methods such as questionnaires - have to pay the interviewer
      - Interview schedule means no deviation from preset list - cannot find out any extra information than originally intended to discover
  - - - Becker (1971): Chicago schoolteachers' stereotypes
      - Dobash and Dobash (1980): violence against wives
      - Labov (1973): linguistic deprivation among ethnic minority groups
    - - Informal - good for sensitive issues, can build rapport
      - Open minded questions used - valid, interpretatism, meaning, Verstehen
      - Detailed and meaningful answers can be obtained
    - - Often used with smaller samples - not representative
      - Hawthorne and social desirability effects - interviewees may say what their interviewer wants to hear
      - Takes a long time to write up interview
  - - - Both people can check for understanding and clarity
      - Can be quantitative - results standardised
    - - Can be difficult to find representative sample - like minded people
      - Hawthorne and social desirability effects
    - - Myhill and Jones (2006)
  - - - Willis (1977): observed how lads developed anti-school culture despite values pushed by teachers
    - - Very practical 'kill two birds with one stone'
      - Open ended question used - valid - interpretism - verstehen
      - Detailed answers as result of discussion
    - - Certain people within the group can be dominant - some views may not be heard
      - Social desirability effect human nature to please people
      - Small sample size - unrepresentative
- - - - Structural observation schedule = quantitative: reliable: generalisations - positivism
      - Observing in the 'natural environment' improves validity
      - Ethical (although potential deceptive)
    - - Qualitative data possible, but cannot achieve Verstehen - interpretivism
      - Practically impossible to be representative
    - - Flanders (1970): used a structural observation to schedule to study interaction in classrooms
  - - - Risk of researcher going native (causes subjectivity)
      - Difficulty getting in, staying in and getting out
      - Can be deceptive
    - - Observing in the 'natural environment' - more valid
      - Qualitative data = verstehen - interpretivism
    - - James Patrick (1973): learnt ways and workings of a Glasgow gang
      - Laud Humphries (1970): studied gay culture; tearoom trade of american cities
  - - - Observation in 'natural environment '
      - Qualitative data = verstehen - interpretative
      - Overt nature means people will open up
    - - Behaviour change; Hawthorne effect
      - Unreliable; no control, unique, not standardised, qualitative data - not good for positivists
- - - - Milgram (1961): obedience test involving 'teacher' and 'learner'
      - Harvey and Slatin (1976): examined whether teachers has preconceived ideas about students based on social class
    - - Artificial - not reflective of real social situations
      - Difficult to isolate single variable
      - Often moral and ethical issues in lab experiments
      - Researcher can measure things subjectively dependent on the outcome they're expecting
    - - Researcher has control over experiment
      - Quantitative data - positivism - trends and patterns - apply findings to whole of society
      - Replicate the research - reliable
  - - - Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968): studied teacher using IQ test performance in california primary school
      - Rosenhan (1973): how staff in mental hospitals labelled people
    - - Conducted in natural social settings - more valid
      - Can show hidden meanings of everyday social interaction - interpretivism
    - - Difficult to control variable (unlike lab experiments)
      - Hawthorne effect if people know they're being studied
      - Ethical issue if subjects aren't they're taking part
  - - - Durkheim (1897): looked at rates of suicide in different European societies over period of time
    - - Use quantitative data - can establish cause and effect relationships - apply to whole society - positivism
      - Natural (avoid artificiality)
      - Can be used to study past events
      - No ethical problems - not deceptive or harmful
    - - Even less control on variables - too many variables means impossible to draw definitive conclusions: makes method highly invalid