"Today, single sex- education is being promoted to educators, policymakers, and parents on the grounds that boys and girls learn differently due to underlying biological factors, including hormone levels, neurological function, and even hearing ability." (Williams, p. 557)

Sexual Realism and the Limitations

"The assumption was that by teaching girls and boys the same subjects in the same way at the same age, gender gaps in achievement would be eradicated. That approach has failed." (Williams, p. 558)

Sex-Stereotyping and the Law

"The specific concerns is that claims about neurobiology are being used to justify educational arrangements in which boys and girls are trained to conform to sex-role stereotypes rather than to challenge them" (Williams, n.d., p.561).

Girls work best in a collaborative atmosphere where boys require more management.

single sex education has risen dramatically; 11 in 2002 to more than 90 today

“Sexual realism has proven critical in carving out a space not simply for sex-segregation in public primary and secondary schools, but for educational programs which claim the authority of science for practices that re-inscribe traditional views about male and female sex- roles, behaviors, and aptitudes.” (William, 2010, p. 573)

“Proponents of single-sex public education have eagerly taken on this challenge. Salomone, for example, insists that contemporary single-sex experiments should not be confused with the "first generation of elite single- sex institutions," many of which were premised on blatantly stereotypical assumptions about the inferiority of the excluded group.” (William, 2010, p. 575)

“Since its emergence in the late 1980s, the movement for single-sex public education has placed the needs of disadvantaged children at its rhetorical center.” (William, 2010, p. 574)

“Proponents of single-sex public education stress its potentially remedial effects for those who have suffered a range of social disadvantages, including poverty and a lack of gender-appropriate role models.” (William, 2010, p. 576)

“Intersectionality provides a particularly helpful framework for under- standing the political effects of framing the debate over single-sex public education as a contest between advocates for disadvantaged children on the one hand and establishment feminists on the other.” (William, 2010, p. 578)

“Legal challenges to sex segregation in public schools have prompted accusations that main- stream feminist organizations prioritize the abstract principle of formal equality over the urgent need to expand the educational opportunities available to the nation's most needy children.” (William, 2010, p. 577)

Would America Benefit from More Exam Schools?

Effectiveness of exam schools

"Students discussed the effect of living in a foster home on their school behavior. Many of the students noted that they do not express their feelings at their foster homes and, instead, take out their frustrations and anger at school.” (Altshuler,2003, 55)

“They’re going to mark the kid as being a foster child and have negative stereotypes. I agree with that. I’ve had some experiences where the kids come in to the school and they are already labeled because they are a foster child. So, they’re expecting, even if the kid doesn’t have any behavior problems they’re expecting them to have problems just because they are a foster child.” (Altshuler, 2003, 55)

"The students agreed, mentioning their dislike for being "singled out" by teachers for special attention, based on foster care status. Despite the uniform desire for students in foster care to be treated equitably, all participants also acknowledged the importance of schools being sensitive to the unique circumstances of these (and all) students" (Altshuler 2003 p.57-58).

the schools that have a lot of public housing student receive the same funding as schools that have more middle class students

student living in public recive lower test grades on state test then there counterparts in other schools

In order to get into NYCHA developments there is a lottery for eligible candidates

All around the world locations

“Although this is in some sense the easiest to describe and present of the five characteristics, it is also the aspect that schools seem most actively engaged in transforming. It is also an aspect around which schools construct and present an image to their intended public. (Gatzimbe-Fernandez 2009, 1109)

"Yet, these debates typically hinge on funding differences that are strikingly small when compared, for instance, to the per-pupil spending at elite boarding schools.” (Gatzimbe-Fernandez 2009, 1112)

“Students at elite boarding schools have a dazzling array of opportunities available to explore various interests, take on unique pursuits, and find a niche in which to demonstrate their talents and passions.” (Gatzimbe-Fernandez 2009, 1101).

“this was mostly due to their association with elite colleges and the New England elites who sponsored them, but probably more important than their particular location is their particular landscapes.” (Gaztambide-Fernandez, 2009, 1108)

Because the elite schools are so selective they can move the curriculum as at faster pace.

These are some key characteristics that really effect what goes on in elite schools.

“First, he argues that early Americans had a profound belief in the human capacity for "betterment" and, more important, that such betterment could be accomplished through organized and institutionalized schooling” (Gaztambide-Fernández, 2009, p. 1105).