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Structure of a paper (Results (Structure (Sections ( Highlight those…
Structure of a paper
Results
Structure
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- What did I find that I was not expecting to find? (e.g. that contradicts my hypotheses)
Sections
- Highlight those results (including those from controls) that answer your research
- Outline secondary results
- Give supporting information
- Mention any results that contradict your hypothesis and explain why they are anomalous
Beginning
- Key results/themes - in general
- Or simply begin with the results
Negative results:
- your hypothesis was incorrect and needs to be reformulated
- you had a bad experimental design and / or low statistical power
Style
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personal style: reader involved, less formal
Value of the results
Use adjectives as interesting, intriguing, remarkable,
but once or twice
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Vorüberlegungen
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• What is new, different and interesting about my findings?
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dynamic title
Redundant words:
a study of....
an investigation into...
inquiry, analysis, evaluation, assessment
BUT!: study and investigation - sometimes useful:
Old age: A study of diversity among men and women
An investigation into the determinants of customer satisfaction
declarative title
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positive: attention, stimulation to read it
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Types of words to use
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choose adjectives that indicate the unique features of your work:
scalable, robust, powerful, low-cost, computerized, guaranteed, high-performance,
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avoid creating multiword compounds, like specification definitions trends
Abstracts
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structure
(general)
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• What did I do, and how?
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tenses
Present simple
make his abstract sound more dynamic, conclusions convincing
Past simple
describe what they did / achieved, conclusions
Methods
Structure
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• How does my methodology compare with previously reported methods, and what significant advances does it make?
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Introduction
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Structure
- definition of the topic plus
background
definitions, explanations of key
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- accepted state of the art plus
problem to be resolved
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what the problem is, why you chose it, why you claim it is important
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- introduction to the literature
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- survey of pertinent
literature
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- main results / conclusions
optinal section, mostly used in Results/Discussion
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Tenses
Present Simple
Beginning of the Intro, general background context, aim of the work, RQ
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Discussion
Structure
- Do my data support what I set out to demonstrate at the beginning of the paper?
- How do my findings compare with what others have found? How consistent are they?
- What is my personal interpretation of my findings?
- What other possible interpretations are there?
- What are the limitations of my study? What other factors could have influenced my findings?Have I reported everything that could make my findings invalid?
- Do any of the interpretations reveal a possible flaw (i.e. defect, error) in my experiment?
- Do my interpretations contribute some new understanding of the problem that I have investigated? In which case do they suggest a shortcoming in, or an advance on, the work of others?
- What external validity do my findings have? How could my findings be generalized to other areas?
- What possible implications or applications do my findings have? What support can I give for such implications?
- What further research would be needed to explain the issues raised by my findings? Will I do this research myself or do I want to throw it open to the community?
Begin
- Reference to RQ, goal, literature, important results
- the main statement from the result
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Literature review
Structure
- What are the seminal works on my topic? Do I need to mention these?
- What progress has been made since these seminal works?
- What are the most relevant recent works? What is the best order to mention these works?
- What are the achievements and limitations of these recent works?
- What gap do these limitations reveal?
- How does my work intend to fill this gap?
Tenses
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Past Simple
when specific dates are mentioned within a sentence;
for the verbs that introduce an author’s findings
Conclusions
Structure
- a very brief revisit of the most important findings pointing out how these advance your field from the present state of knowledge
- a final judgment on the importance and significance those findings in term of their implicationsand impact, along with possible applications to other areas
- an indication of the limitations of your study (though the Discussion may be a more appropriate place to do this)
- suggestions for improvements (perhaps in relation to the limitations)
- recommendations for future work (either for the author, and/or the community)
- recommendations for policy changes