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Paraphrasing and Plagiarism (Paraphrasing (Reference obligatory, Switching…
Paraphrasing and Plagiarism
direct quotes
As noted by...
Wood [1997] concludes:
As Wood [1997] states:
As Wood states in his 1997 paper:
In his Conclusions, Wood [1997] writes:
quotation marks (“ … ”)
to give the precise wording used by the original author
Use direct quotations sparingly
Paraphrasing
Reference obligatory
Switching parts of speech (noun to verb, verb to adjective etc.)
using root words (scientist - science)
synonyms (crutial - important)
different forms (singular vs. plural, tenses,
changing the word order
sentence structure: split the sentence
reversal of the order in which information is presented
change of style from personal to impersonal
Never paraphrase technical words (Begriffe)
When quoting the work of a ‘third’ author, cite the reference to that third author’s paper