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Animal Physiology (Organ Systems (Digestive (Components: mouth, pharynx,…

- - - - warmed by heat generated by metabolism
      - ex: humans, birds, etc.
    - - gain most of their heat from external sources
      - ex: reptiles, fishes, and most invertebrates
- - - - eat mainly plants or algae
    - - mostly eat other animals
    - - consume animals and plants or algae
  - - - monomer - monosaccharides
      - work as fuel and sometimes are used for structure
    - - monomer - glycerol
      - they store energy
    - - monomer - amino acids
      - help with structure and control metabolism
    - - monomer - nucleotides
      - DNA - stores info and RNA allows us to use that info
- - - - muscle contraction of the food
    - - mixture of water, salt, cells and glycoproteins
    - - protein-digested enzyme
    - - ball of the food that the tongue forms
    - - make something polar and non-polar mix
      - ex: oil and grease w/ soap
    - - mixture of ingested food after it leaves your stomach
    - - a ring like valve @ the end of the esophagus
      - regulates the passage of ingested food into the stomach
    - - salivary
      - breaks down carbohydrates
  - - - produce mucus
      - protects the stomach lining from acid
    - - make HCL
    - - release pepsin in pepsinogen
    - - secretion of acid, mucus, pepsin and other stomach acids
- - - - Shape
        
        cuboidal
        
        squamous
        
        columnar
      - Arrangement
        
        pseudostratified
        
        stratified
        
        Simple
    - - looks like cubes
      - specialized for secretion
      - makes up kidney tubules, and many glands
    - - looks like columns
      - secretion/absorption
      - ex: lines the intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients
    - - they look squished
      - functions in the exchange of material by diffusion
      - think and leaky
      - lines blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs
    - - false layer bc nucleus is at diff. positions
      - forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract
    - - multilayered
      - found at the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus and vagina
  - - - reticular fibers
        
        join connective tissue to adjacent tissue
      - elastic fibers
        
        make tissue elastic
      - collagenous fibers
        
        provide strength and flexibility
    - - binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
      - found in the skin and throughout the body
    - - dense with collagenous fibers
      - attach to tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bones and joints)
    - - mineralized connective tissue
      - osteoblast - bone-forming cells
      - osteons - mineralized matrix
    - - stores fat
    - - contains collagenous fibers
      - chondrocytes secrete collage and chondroitin sulfate which makes cartilage
    - - liquid extracellular matrix called plasma
      - erythrocytes (red blood cells)
      - leukocytes (white blood cells)
      - platelets aid in blood clotting
  - - - attaches to bones by tendons
      - striated muscle is responsible for voluntary movements
    - - lacks striations
      - found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries and other internal organs
      - involuntary body activities
    - - Forms the contractile wall of the heart
      - striated
      - has branches fibers that help synchronize heart contraction