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Animals: Form, Function & Nutrition (Animal Organ Systems (digestive,…

- - - - dice shaped cells specialized for secretion, makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands,
    - - large brick shaped cells; often found where secretion of active absorption is important
    - - single layer of plate like cells that function in the exchange of material by diffusion
    - - consist of single layer varying in height and position of their nuclei
      - ex: cilia
    - - multilayered and regenerates rapidly; new cells form by division near the basal surface and push outward, replacing cells that are sloughed off
  - - - binds the epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
    - - dense with collagenous; found in tendons which attach muscle to bone and in ligaments which connect to bone joints
    - - mineralized connective tissue
    - - specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix
    - - contains collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein carbohydrate
    - - liquid extracellular matrix called plasma which consist of water, salts, and dissolved proteins
  - - - responsible for voluntary movements
    - - lack striations found in digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries and other internal organs
      - responsible for involuntary body activities
    - - forms contractile wall of the heart
      - help snchronize heart contraction
  - - - receive impulses from other neurons via its cell body and multiple extensions called dendrites
    - - help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons, and in some cases modulate neuron function
- - - - exercise you produce heat which increases your body temperature
  - - - body temperature outside the normal range can reduce the efficiency of enzymatic reactions; alter the fluidity of cellular membranes
    - - warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism
      - ex: some fishes and insect species
      - maintain a stable body temperature even in the face of large fluctuations in the environmental temperature
    - - they gain most of their heat form external sources
- - - - all organisms require a set of 20 amino acids to make a complete set of proteins
    - - synthesize a variety of cellular components including membrane phopholipids,signaling molecules, and storage fats
      - animals contain fatty acids from seeds, grains, and vegetables in their diet
    - - organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts
    - - inorganic nutrients such as iron and sulfur that are usually required in small amounts from less than 1 mg to 2500 mg per day
- - - - ex: chewing or grinding
        
        breaks food down into smaller pieces increasing surface area
    - - cleaves large molecules into smaller components
- - - - functions in digestion as well as the distribution of nutrients throughout the body
    - - tube can be organized into specialized compartments that carry out digestion and nutrient absorption
      - ingest food while earlier meals are still being digested a feat that is likely to be difficult or inefficient for an animal with a gastrovascular cavity
- - - - stomach can stretch to accommodate about 2 L of food and fluid
    - - mixes food through a churning action