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The Respiratory System, Luis Madrigal P.5 (Anatomy of the respiratory…
The Respiratory System, Luis Madrigal P.5
Major functions of the
respiratory system
Distribution of Air
filters, warms, humidifies air
Gas Exchange
supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Other functions
Filters irritants from inspired air
Eliminates irritants through coughing and
sneezing.
Enables sound production as expired air
passes over the vocal chords.
Allows smell
Controls acid-base balance and blood pH
Anatomy of the respiratory tract
External Nares (Nostrils)
channel air into and out of the nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Divides the nasal cavity
Nasal cavity
filter, warm and moisten air; produce mucus; resonance chamber for speech
Nasal Conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
responsible for the majority of airflow direction, humidification, heating, and filtering of air inhaled through the nose
Nasopharynx
passageway for air from nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
passageway for air from nasal cavity
Oropharynx
Passageway for food and air
laryngopharynx
Passageway for food and air
Larynx
air passageway; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract; voice production
bronchiole
passage of air to terminal bronchioles; secretion of surfactant which reduces surface tension
Alveoli
gas exchange with blood- giving oxygen to blood and taking carbon dioxide
Alveolar sac
contain groups of alveoli for gas exchange
Primary bronchi
passageway for air
Apex
contain uppermost airways
Organs of the respiratory system and location
(upper and lower respiratory track)
Nose
provides an entrance for air in
which air is filtered
Nasal Cavity
increase the surface area
available to warm, moisturize, and filter
Pharynx
common passageway for air and food
Trachea
mucous membrane to trap incoming
particles
Bronchial Tree
Consists of branched mucous membrane-lined tubes
leading from the trachea to the alveoli
Lungs
Right and left soft, spongy, cone-shaped lungs
separated medially by the mediastinum
Differences between the right and left lung and right and left primary bronchi
Right Lung
Consists of three lobes
Consists of two bronchi
Its heavier
Shorter and wider
Provides space for the liver
Left Lung
Consist of two lobes
Consist of a singular bronchus
Lighter
Longer and narrower
Provides space for the heart
Right primary bronchi
wider, shorter, and straighter
Left primary bronchi
narrower, larger, and not as straight
Breathing mechanism (physiology)
Respiration
Is the movement of air from outside the
body into, and then out of the lungs
Diaphragm
Flattens during inspiration;
increases top-to-bottom length of thorax
External Intercoals
Contraction moves
ribs and sternum upward and outward
Expiration
During expiration, thorax returns to its resting size
and shape
Forceful Expiration
involves decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity by these expiratory muscles
Internal Intercoals
Contraction depresses rib
cage, decreasing front-to-back size of the thorax
Diffusion
Passive movement down a concentration gradient
Definitions of lung capacity terminology
Spirometry
measurement of different air volumes
Respiratory cycle
1 respiration = 1 inhalation and 1 exhalation
Tidal Volume
air moved by one respiration, about 500 ml
Inspiratory reserve volume
additional air taken in during
maximal inhalation
Expiratory reserve volmue
additional air expired during forced
exhalation
Residual volume
air remaining in
bronchial tree that is not involved in gas
exchange
Internal and external respiration
External Respiration
Close proximity of capillaries in the
lungs allows exchange of gases between
blood and alveoli by diffusion
Internal Respiration
Oxygen moves out of blood in the capillary and into
tissue cells
Carbon dioxide moves from tissue cells into capillary
blood
Disorders of the respiratory system
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)
Progressive that makes breathing difficult
Emphysema
Alveoli become weak and lose abilityto stretch
Tuberculosis
Bacterial Infection
Chronic Bronchitis
Thickening and inflammation of the bronchi
Lung Cancer
Mass of uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs
Cystic Fibrosis
Recessive genetic disease that causes mucus to build up in the lungs
Asthma
Inflammation of bronchial tubes