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Chow_Kaitlyn_Block2_MM10 (DNA polymerase (DNA polymerase 3 (leading strand…
Chow_Kaitlyn_Block2_MM10
(bacterio)phages
viruses that infect bacteria
DNA is from T2
used to research molecular genetics
origins of repication
(1)proteins start DNA replication to open the double helix and the bubble
(2)bubble expands the DNA replication happens both ways
(3)replication bubbles fuse
replication fork
found at the end of a replication bubble
Y shaped area where the new strands of DNA get longer
other proteins that help with replication
topoisomerase
eases the tension caused by helices
corrects by breaking, swiverling, and rejoining DNA strands
single-strand binding protein
molecules bind to the unpaired DNA strands
stabilizes strands until used as a template to make complementary strands
helices
enzyme that unzips the double helix at the replication forks
separates parental strands to be used as a template
causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the fork
primers for DNA synthesis
primer
short initial nucleotide chain
has either DNA/RNA
start replication
primase
enzyme that can start a RNA strand from nothing
connects RNA nucleotides at once
makes primer complementary to template strand where new DNA strand will be grown
DNA polymerase
catalyzes the elongation at the replication fork
each nucleotide that's added to the DNA is a nucleotide with 3 phosphate group
ATP
adds nucleotides onto the 3' end
DNA grows from 5' -> 3'
DNA polymerase 3
leading strand
create complementary strand by growing DNA in 5'->3'
adds nucleotides to the strand as the fork advances
created in a row/order
continuously creates the strand by adding onto the primer
DNA ligase
joins the 3' end of the DNA and replaces the primer with he rest of the leading strand
lagging strand
works 3'->5'
works along the other template strand away from the replication fork
created in segments
adds onto Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
enzyme that joins the sugar phosphate backbones of Okazaki fragments
form new DNA strand
DNA polymerase 1
leading strand
removes primer at the 5' end and replaces it with DNA
adds onto the 3' end
lagging strand
removes the primer from the 5' end of each fragment and replaces it with DNA
adds onto the end of the 3' fragment
primase
leading strand
creates 1 RNA primer at the 5' end of leading strand
lagging strand
creates RNA primer at 5' end of each Okazaki fragment
repairs
mismatch repair
special enzymes that fix incorrectly paired nucleotides
nucleotide excision repair
nuclease
cuts out the damaged DNA segment
fills in gap with the correct nucleotides paired with nucleotides with an undamaged strand
DNA polymerase and ligase fils in the gap
(1)thymine dimer distorts the DNA
nuclease enzyme cuts the damaged area and the damaged area is taken out
(3)repair synthesis and DNA polymerase fills in the gap
(4)DNA ligase seals the freee end to complete the strand
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides
phosphate group
deoxyribose
nitrogenous base
Thymine(T)
30% of human DNA(Chargaff's rule)
bonded with Adenine
Guanine(G)
20% of human DNA(Chargaff's rule)
bonded with Cytosine
Adenine(A)
30% of human DNA(Chargaff's rule)
bonded with Thymine
cytosine (C)
20% of human DNA (Chargaff's rule)
bonded with guanine
double helix
nitrogenous bases on the inside of the helix
telomeres
found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA
nucleotide sequences
made of multiple repeats of one short nucleotide sequence
telomerase
enzyme the quickens the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotes