Chow_Kaitlyn_Block2

Chow_Kaitlyn_Block2_MM10

(bacterio)phages

origins of repication

other proteins that help with replication

primers for DNA synthesis

DNA polymerase

repairs

DNA is a polymer of nucleotides

viruses that infect bacteria

DNA is from T2

used to research molecular genetics

phosphate group

deoxyribose

nitrogenous base

Thymine(T)

Guanine(G)

Adenine(A)

cytosine (C)

30% of human DNA(Chargaff's rule)

20% of human DNA(Chargaff's rule)

20% of human DNA (Chargaff's rule)

double helix

nitrogenous bases on the inside of the helix

bonded with Thymine

bonded with Adenine

bonded with Cytosine

bonded with guanine

(1)proteins start DNA replication to open the double helix and the bubble

(2)bubble expands the DNA replication happens both ways

(3)replication bubbles fuse

replication fork

found at the end of a replication bubble

Y shaped area where the new strands of DNA get longer

catalyzes the elongation at the replication fork

each nucleotide that's added to the DNA is a nucleotide with 3 phosphate group

ATP

adds nucleotides onto the 3' end

DNA grows from 5' -> 3'

DNA polymerase 3

leading strand

create complementary strand by growing DNA in 5'->3'

adds nucleotides to the strand as the fork advances

lagging strand

works 3'->5'

works along the other template strand away from the replication fork

created in segments

created in a row/order

adds onto Okazaki fragments

DNA ligase

enzyme that joins the sugar phosphate backbones of Okazaki fragments

form new DNA strand

continuously creates the strand by adding onto the primer

DNA polymerase 1

leading strand

lagging strand

removes primer at the 5' end and replaces it with DNA

adds onto the 3' end

removes the primer from the 5' end of each fragment and replaces it with DNA

adds onto the end of the 3' fragment

DNA ligase

joins the 3' end of the DNA and replaces the primer with he rest of the leading strand

primase

leading strand

lagging strand

creates 1 RNA primer at the 5' end of leading strand

creates RNA primer at 5' end of each Okazaki fragment

primer

primase

short initial nucleotide chain

has either DNA/RNA

start replication

enzyme that can start a RNA strand from nothing

connects RNA nucleotides at once

makes primer complementary to template strand where new DNA strand will be grown

topoisomerase

single-strand binding protein

helices

enzyme that unzips the double helix at the replication forks

separates parental strands to be used as a template

eases the tension caused by helices

causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the fork

molecules bind to the unpaired DNA strands

stabilizes strands until used as a template to make complementary strands

corrects by breaking, swiverling, and rejoining DNA strands

mismatch repair

special enzymes that fix incorrectly paired nucleotides

nucleotide excision repair

nuclease

cuts out the damaged DNA segment

fills in gap with the correct nucleotides paired with nucleotides with an undamaged strand

DNA polymerase and ligase fils in the gap

(1)thymine dimer distorts the DNA

nuclease enzyme cuts the damaged area and the damaged area is taken out

(3)repair synthesis and DNA polymerase fills in the gap

(4)DNA ligase seals the freee end to complete the strand

telomeres

found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA

nucleotide sequences

made of multiple repeats of one short nucleotide sequence

telomerase

enzyme the quickens the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotes