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Popular culture (Public Humiliation and Moral Regulation (Legal Punishment…

- - - - In areas of the Pyrenees, the village priest was probably only individual who could read
      - Less access to books (printing didn't get to the country side
      - Homes and therefore gatherings were smaller than in towns
    - - Harvest Festivals
      - All Hallows and All Saints
  - - - Musical performances: the singing of popular songs by servants while working or the purchase by wealthy individuals of instruments
      - Reading books: printing meant that they were easier to purchase. Between 1518 and 1524 the publication of books in Germany increased sevenfold
      - Writing and sharing letters: by the 16th century intellectuals, usually male, shared long-distance correspondance
    - - Processions and pageants were usually civic processions by guilds or royal coronations.
      - The Pope's coronation and 'possessso' of Rome allowed people to accompany him in his ceremonious journey across the country
      - Broadsides and ballads became a popular means of sharing gossip and news.
      - Sharing of news was a feature of daily life, transmitting stories of local and national matters
    - - London grew from 60,000 people in 1500 to over 1,000,000 in 1800
      - Italian City States grew from 10.5 million people in 1500 to 13.3 million in 1600
- - - - it often mocked the clergy (wearing vestments the wrong way, drinking in churches, mocking the bible)
    - - religious and secular attacks meant by end of early modern period traditional popular culture had disappeared to satisfy ecclesiastical law
  - - - Religious element of venerating a saint
      - Oppourtunity to reinforce local hierarchy
  - - - Saftey Valve
      - Concerned authorities though
        
        Led to unrest and riots (London 1517, Germany 1520, 1530
      - Symbolic unrest became real unrest
- - - - Women found guilty, locally, were subjected to Skimmingtons aka 'rough music'
      - Convicted women in Europe sometimes had to walk the streets bare-headed
      - Convicted women had to recite their crime in public spaces
    - - Scolding
      - Adultery
      - Prostitution
- - - - New opportunities
      - Growth in leisure activities
        
        Businessmen saw leisure activities as an opportunity for profit