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SUD: Urbanisation & Cities (Key Terms (Urbanisation: increase in % of…
SUD: Urbanisation & Cities
The Urban as an Entity
Economic Base
have a certain % in specific sectors e.g. in India, settlement must have >75% of adult male pop. in non-agri work + urban
Administrative Criteria
defined by national gov.s-> diversity. difficulty in comparative research. can only be overcome by urban analysts constructing their own definitions & applying them uniformly
may have little correspondence w/ actual physical extent of urban area
can be shown as lines on a map, which are "boundaries". neat but there is subjectivity (where to draw the line X always clear cut)
Pop. Size
urban areas generally larger than rural areas (BoC: decides when a village becomes town)-> but varies over time & space, not fixed
has social context e.g. w/ sparse distribution of settlements in Sweden, >200 inhabitants = urban but in dense Japan, >30,000
Functional Definitions
Org. for Economic Co-operation & Dev. (OECD) countries define "f(x)al urban area" based on pop. & f(x)al integration btw "city core" & "commuting zone"
each f(x)al urban area is an economic unit w/ "city core" & "commuting zone" whose labour mkt is highly integrated w/ cores
a physical existence by itself
The Urban as a Quality
Meaning of Urban Places
cities perceived diff.ly though they are objectively structured the same-> subjective structure
e.g. residents (elderly, poor, unemployed, children) vs tourists vs workers
tells abt the place ppl live in, ppl themselves + social context they live in
Urbanism as a Way of Life
once thought that urban places are distinctly diff. from rural bc of size, density, lvl of econ & social disorg. (urban: transitory/temporary & superficial social interactions vis a vis/in comparison to rural: stronger r/s)-> idea too simplistic
where urban area end & rural begins not always clear. rural-urban continuum suggests beyond city limits, there is always urban influence on pop. of surrounding rural areas
effects of diet. from urban areas decreased due to improved mobility e.g. ppl in rural areas can commute to urban areas to use svcs like sch
urban lifestyle can spread beyond physical limits of city
drawing of boundaries masks diff.s by ignoring presence of diff urban dwellers, treated 'urban' as space independent of who lives in them
Key Terms
Urbanisation: increase in % of ppl living in urban areas
due to natural increase (births-deaths) & net-in migration into urban areas (in-migration-out-migration)
Urban Growth: increase in pop. of urban areas (no.s)
Urban Processes
suburbanisation: movement of ppl, employment & svcs from central areas of cities & their relocation towards margins of built up area, @ times engulfing surrounding villages & countryside
led to build up & outward growth of suburbs-> extension of city
counter-urbanisation: ppl leaving cities (congested, polluted) to find better lifestyle in rural areas, villagers & smaller towns beyond cities
re-urbanisation
there is clear break btw areas of new growth & urban area from which ppl have moved. diff. btw rural & urban diminished
both are decentralisation forces. occur due to '-' rxn to city life, early retirement etc.
Global trends & projections
more ppl live in urban than rural areas (from 2007), expected to increase to 2/3 urban 1/3 rural in 2050 (reverse of past)
54% urban in 2014
lvls of urbanisation (avg. annual rate of change) vary greatly across regions e.g. N.America highest @ 82% in 2014, Africa lowest @ 40%
all regions urbanise further but Asia & Africa faster (still less urbanised than other regions) e.g. Asia 1.5%, Africa 1.1% per annum. N.America 0.4% (pace of urbanisation slows down as pop. becomes more urbanised)-> Africa & Asia are significant contributors to global urban growth & urbanisation
in 2050, most of world urban pop. will be conc. in Asia (52%) & Africa (21%)
future increases in world urban pop. expected to be highly conc. in a few countries in Asia (China, India) & Africa (Nigeria)
in a few countries, urban pop. will decrease e.g. Japan, Russia, despite projected increases in lvl of urbanisation