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age (theorists (John Swales - Teenagers are part of a discourse community…
age
theorists
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Labov - Martha's Vineyard -
- used old language in order to actively create a connection to the young generation and older generation
- Idea that teens actively choose to converge or diverge to give a different impression of themselves
-Younger generations wanted to follow the older generation
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Giles Accommodation Theory - Divergence
- Many teens feel the need for acceptance from their peers
- Teenagers diverge from 'adult speech' to create their own identity as a group
- Teens feel the need to assert their dominance through their own language
Face threatening acts (Erving Goffman 1955)
- Older generations disliking the new language used by younger generations is a negative FTA as it threatens their independence
- Purposely creates a barrier between the two age groups for distance and individuality
- younger generations new language threatens the older generations positive face as they would feel left out
Penelope Eckert
- There are three ways to consider age = Chronological age (years since birth), Biological Age (physical maturity) and Social Age (linked to life events)
Jenny Cheshire (1987)
- Language develops in response to important life events that affect social relations and social attitudes of individuals
Douglas Bingham
- significant life events occur 18+
Penelope Eckert - Jocks and Burnouts
- Studied 2 social groups in a Detroit High School - the Jocks and the Burnouts.
- Jocks = middle class, engaged and educated
- Burnouts = Working class, disengaged
- Jocks used standard english whereas burnouts used non-standard, they did this is diverge from one and other.
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- Young people will generally use more non-standard varieties than younger adults (= non-prestige varieties, often specific ‘anti-prestige’). From childhood to adulthood the use of non-standard forms of speech will gradually decrease in favour of more standard forms of speech (prestige varieties) until a particular stage in late adulthood.
- The frequency of using standard forms of speech will again decrease within older adults and more non-standard forms (non-prestige varieties) will be used.