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Animal Form and Function (Nutrition (Macromolecules & vitamins &…
Animal Form and Function
Body systems and tissues
Animal Body Systems
Digestive
Food processing- stomach, intestines
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Endocrine
Chemical messengers; thymus, pituitary, thyroid
Integumentary
Protection against mechanical injury; skin, fur, hide, scales
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Reproductive
Reproduction, production of estrogen/ testosterone
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Tissue types
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Muscle Tissues
Cardiac
Heart muscle, striated, short cells (branched looking) joined end to end by intercalated discs
Skeletal
Striated (actin and myosin striations), cells go lengthwise and are as long as the muscle is; attached to bones by tendons
Smooth
Non striated, found in involuntary muscles (bladder, digestive system, blood vessels), tends toward rhythmic movement
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Regulation
Homeostasis- the "normal" for an organism; equilibrium, where an organism works to get back to
Response to Stimuli
Negative feedback brings you back to homeostasis- increased blood sugar -> hormone release -> blood sugar comes back down to homeostatic levels
Positive feedback takes you away from homeostasis- labor (prior to child birth); ends either with a negative event bringing you back to homeostasis or death
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Temperature
Endotherm- mammals, birds; regulate body temp through metabolism
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Ectotherm- Reptiles, amphibians; body temp changes with the environment
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Nutrition
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Ingestion
Filter feeders, bulk feeders, substrate feeders, fluid feeders
Mouth, teeth, tongue create bolus of food
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Elimination
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Rectum, anus, internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters
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