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Animal Form and Function (Nutrition (Macromolecules & vitamins &…

- - - - Food processing- stomach, intestines
    - - Movement of fluid through the body; heart/ pumping mechanism
    - - Gas exchange; lungs
    - - Body defense; lymph nodes
    - - Removal of metabolic waste from the body; kidneys
    - - Detection and response to stimuli; nerves
    - - Chemical messengers; thymus, pituitary, thyroid
    - - Protection against mechanical injury; skin, fur, hide, scales
    - - Body structure/ support
    - - Movement; muscles
    - - Reproduction, production of estrogen/ testosterone
      - Testes/ Ovaries
  - - - Shapes
        
        Columnar
        
        Squamous
        
        Cuboidal
      - Layers
        
        Simple
        
        Stratified
        
        Pseudostratified
      - Location
        
        Apical- facing the lumen
        
        Basal- bottom, connecting to other tissues
      - Secretion, absorption, protection
    - - Loose
      - Fibrous
      - Bone
      - Adipose
      - Cartilage
      - Blood
      - Fibers
        
        Collagen, elastic, reticular
      - Bind things together, support, protection, insulation, transportation
    - - Cardiac
        
        Heart muscle, striated, short cells (branched looking) joined end to end by intercalated discs
      - Skeletal
        
        Striated (actin and myosin striations), cells go lengthwise and are as long as the muscle is; attached to bones by tendons
      - Smooth
        
        Non striated, found in involuntary muscles (bladder, digestive system, blood vessels), tends toward rhythmic movement
    - - Found in CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (incoming and outgoing nerves) - communication
        
        Axons- long extension of cell that sends signals
        
        Dendrite- receive signals
        
        Glia- all other cells that are helpers, e.g. Schwann cells
- - - - Negative feedback brings you back to homeostasis- increased blood sugar -> hormone release -> blood sugar comes back down to homeostatic levels
      - Positive feedback takes you away from homeostasis- labor (prior to child birth); ends either with a negative event bringing you back to homeostasis or death
      - Systems for Homeostatic Regulation
        
        Nervous System- nerve impulses act on other neurons; fast!
        
        Chemical Component
        
        Neurons talk to the next cell using neurotransmitters- similar to hormones in endocrine, but they only have to cross the synapse
        
        Electrical Component
        
        Current jumps from node to node (Nodes of Ranvier)
        
        Endocrine System- hormones broadcasted throughout the entire body but only effect the cells with the proper receptors ; sloooooowwwwww
        
        Circulate rapidly through the bloodstream but is still much slower relative to the nervous system
        
        Most hormones are proteins (exception being steroids)
        
        Pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus, testes/ ovaries, pancreas
    - - Endotherm- mammals, birds; regulate body temp through metabolism
        
        Regulator- use internal change to confront external change
        
        Metabolism
        
        BMR and SMR
        
        Heat comes from cellular respiration in muscles
        
        Hibernation= prolonged
        
        Torpor= 24 hours or less
        
        Estivation- dormancy d/t hot and dry
      - Ectotherm- Reptiles, amphibians; body temp changes with the environment
        
        Homeotherm- maintains stable body temperature
        
        Poikilotherm- regularly changes body temp with the environment
        
        Conformer- conforms to environment
      - Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
        
        Conduction- requires contact
        
        Radiation- does not require contact, can transfer through vacuum of space
        
        Evaporation- substance evaporates & takes energy with it
        
        Convection- transfer of heat by movement of fluids- fans!
        
        Vasoconstriction and vasodilation- can increase or decrease heat lost by convection
- - - - Mostly in mouth (chewing)
    - - Begins in mouth (salivary amylase) and stomach; mostly in duodenum
        
        Goblet cells- mucus
        
        Liquifies- creates chyme
      - Gallbladder- store and concentrate bile
      - Liver- produce bile (emulsification)
      - Chief cells- pepsin
      - Parietal cells- HCl
    - - Inside cells (lysosomes)
    - - In body cavities (tube/ pouch)
  - - - Villi and microvilli increase surface area for diffusion of nutrients
      - Chylomicrons (fats) absorbed into lymph by lacteals
      - Hepatic portal vein takes nutrient rich blood from small intestine to liver for detoxification
      - Arrival of chyme in duodenum triggers secretin -> digestive juices & sodium bicarb
    - - Water reclaiming
      - Bacteria breakdown stuff we can't and produce things we need
  - - - Flat teeth (molars)
      - Long alimentary canal, larger cecum- bacteria help digest plant material
    - - Pointed teeth (incisors)
      - Smaller or no cecum
    - - Mixture of incisors and molars
      - Cecum present but not super important