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Chapter 12: Transport Processes (Long-Distance Transport: Phloem 926772…

- - - - occur as isolation barriers
      - do not allow anything to pass through
    - - lipid/protein cell membranes
      - allow certain substances to pass through
    - - allow solutes to dissolve through them quickly
      - have little biological significance
  - - - molecules are forced across membrane
      - molecular pump
        
        protein
        
        binds to molecule and ATP
    - - vesicles migrate through cytoplasm
      - vesicles fuse with another organelle
- - - - process in which animal cells burst
    - - immature
      - weak and deformable walls
      - cannot generate enough pressure to stop water absorption
    - - protoplast can pull away from cell wall
  - - - can be positive when something is compressed
      - can be negative when something is stressed
    - - effect of solutes on water
      - related to number of particles in solution
- - - - shunken
      - have little internal pressure
    - - must open
      - must transport potassium ions from surrounding cells
- - - - widely accepted model
      - molecules diffuse from intercellular spaces to the atmosphere
    - - transstomatal
      - transcuticilar
    - - hydrogen bonding is broken over a large region
      - destroys usefulness of an entire vessel or tracked
    - - air bubble
      - expands until its surface encounters a solid barrier
  - - - influenced by water loss
    - - water movement
      - upward from shoots to roots
    - - stomata open at night
      - stomata close during the day
  - - - forces act equally on all molecules
    - - water molecules interacting with other substances
      - cellulose, enzymes, DNA, and sugar molecules attach to water
    - - lifting water to the top of the tree takes plentiful energy
- - - - fine veins in leaves
      - network of bundles in tubers and corms
      - inner bark of storage roots and stems
  - - - a conducting cells
      - one or several companion cells
  - - - network adjacent to the inner surface of uninjured sieve elements
      - is carried into cell center
        
        forms a P-protein plug when the mass is too large
    - - within uninjured phloem
      - only stays in solution under pressure
      - direction of transport can change