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b6 (benefits (crops can be genetically modified to improve crop yields,…
b6
benefits
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bacterium called Bt which produces a toxin in their stems and leaves that kills many insect larvae that are harmful to crops
gene for the Bt toxin is inserted into crops which produce the toxin that makes them resistant to insect pests, toxin is harmless to humans animals, and other insects
Bt crops let farmers apply less pesticide, avoids negative impacts of pesticide use
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populations relies heavily on rice for food, causes vitamin A deficiency, other sources are scarce
gene that controls beta-carotene production from carrot plants put into rice, humans can change it into vitamin A
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defence system
skin : barrier to pathogens, secrets antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens
respiratory tract : nasal passage, trachea, lungs, lined with mucus and cilia, hairs in the nose, trap particles that could contain phatogens and the cilia waft muscus to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
eyes : produce in tears an enzyme, lysozyme which break down bacteria on the surface of the eye
stomach : hydrochloric acid, kills pathogens that make it from the mouth
when you damage a blood vessel, platelets in the blood clump together to plug the damaged area, known as blood clotting, stops you losing too much blood and prevent microorganisms from entering the wound
platelets are tiny fragments of cells, contain lots of different substances that are needed to help form the clot, also have proteins on their surface to help them stick toether and to the site of the wound
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plant disease prevention
regulating movement of plant material, makes sure that infected plants don't come into contact with healthy plants
destroying infected plants, stops them being sources of infection
crop rotation, many pathogens specific to particular plant, changing the type of plants that are grown stops pathogens becoming established
chemical control, fungicides, pesticides etc
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risks
transplanted genes may get out into environment, eg herbicide resistance gene may be picked up by weeds, creates superweeds
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worries that changing genes might create unforeseen problems, could get passed onto future generations, eg long term effects of exposure to Bt crops are unknown
growing GM grops will affect number of weeds and flowers, therefore wildlife, reduces famland diversity
prevention
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destoying vectors : getting rid of the organisms that spread disease using insecticides or by destroying their habitat
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health
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disease is a condition that impairs normal functioning of an organism, both plants and animals
causes : organism can be infected by a pathogen, mutation in the organism's genes, affected by environmental conditions like not enough light or poor diet
disease
pathogen is a microoganism that causes disease, types include bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi
communicable is a disease that can spread between organisms, caused by pathogens infecting the organism eg malaria caused by a protist
non communicable cannot be passed from one to another, eg cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, cancer and diabetes, generally last for long time and progress slowly
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ethical issues
wrong to genetically engineer other organisms purely for human benefit, doing it to animals causes their suffering
might not stop at animals and plants, may become "genetic underclass”, irresponsible when uncertainty about consequences