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Russo-Japanese War (The War (Portsmouth Treaty (1905) (USA intervenes,…
Russo-Japanese War
The War
First major war of the 20th century. Moreover, it was the first one to use technologies like telegraph, telephone, armored battleships, mine fields, machine guns, modern wires, all at the same time.
Russia kept many troops in Europe, fearing a rebellion or european war (Bella Epoque was a time of great tension) or a rebellion. Furthermore, it couldn't call her ally France into war, since Britain would intervene (allied to Japan, that's why Japan wanted that alliance)
First war in which a asian country won against a european one.
Portsmouth Treaty (1905)
USA intervenes, wanting to prevent Japan from getting too powerful, and breaking the balance of power in the Pacific
Japan keeps Korea and gets Port Arthur Back, but doesn't get whole Machuria
Japan has a new enemy: USA
Was solely fought on foreign territory (China and Korea)
Outcomes
Demonstrations all over Russia (a hungry population that's left aside for a war effort that isin the end a loss)
Bloody Sunday Massacre
Revolution of 1905, which was defeated, but Nickie still made reactions reacting to it (although they were weak and "fake" to an extent)
Set the stage for the 1917 Revolution
Yes, the USSR is a consequence
US emerges as a signifcant international power thanks to Teddy's Intervention
Increase in Japan's nationalism and plans for expansion, which was put into action near WWII and during it
Shows that Nickie is a weak emperor and a halt on the empire's expansion.
Context
Major Players
Russia
Nicholas II pursues and economic modernization
Growth of Urban Works
Growth of socialist movements
Both turn against the Absolutist Czar Nickie II
1917 isn't surprising
Nickie wants more resources so it can urbanize, increase nationalism and give better condition to the workers (so they'll shut up)
Growing Bourgeoisie with Liberal Ideas
Machination
Rural Exodus
Imperialism
Need for Resouces/ Raw Material
Interest for China (Port Arthur and Manchuria as a whole)
Rich and close region, now owned by a weak country (Qing in crisis)
China gets divided into different spheres of influence by the imperialistic powers (Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan)
Struggle between both powers for the region
Japan feared that if Russia conquered that region, they would be next.
Nationalism
Drives the masses away from socialism
Japan
Admiral M. Perey opens Japan's Market through the Convention of Kanagawa (1853-1854)
This allowed the coming of western technology, which the Daimios' made "good use" (training their armies with gunpowder weaponry)
Civil War between Daimios and the Shogunate (Tokugawa family) between 1855 to 1863 (this represents the modernization and nationalistic ideals against the conservative and isolationist ideals)
Meiji Era (1863-1912), Emperor is in charge
Sino-Japanese War (1895)
Japan takes Korea and Port Arthur (Most importants)
1 more item...
Main Characteristics:
Quick Industrialization and economic development
Powerful Army (expansion/imperialism)
Investment in education (Nationalism on the head of the children)
The daimios were also conservatives, but still liberals, and felt that the isolation would eventually lead to western colonization, destroying their traditions, while the Tokugawa were extremely tradionalist (and not liberals) and feared that opening borders would lead to a slow loss of their tradition. Basically, Daimios are progressive compared to the Shogunate but conservatives among the Liberals
Ideologies of the period
Liberalism (based around liberty, private property and individualism, to replace absolutism, state religion, etc.)
Imperialism (Conquering lands for new resources, raw material, work force, increasing influence, etc)
Lenin said that it was the highest state of Capitalism (based on two other guys). That means that Imperialism was only possible with Liberalism creating the ground for capitalism. It wouldn't happen if the exploitation of new lands weren't needed.
Some scholars says that the economic reason wasn't the most important. But still, if you consider the "civilizing" reason, that's all about bringing the liberal ideals to the "uncivilized"
Socialism (The state should end the class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, ending the oppression)
Came from those who wanted faster changes in society, creating the "left wing",and the radicals would eventually create socialism, as a reaction against the capitalist oppression of the working class)
Nationalism (idea that your country, other are a menace, and the motherland should expand)
Came from the conservative liberals, that wanted slow changes in society and the preservation of the traditions (Nationalism often gives a lot of emphasis on the countries' traditions, wants to make a strong identity for the country)
Later it would evolve into Facism, as the conservatives felt socialism as a menace to their property (although Nationalism is seen in both sides of the political spectrum, as Nationalism becomes a major ideology through the conditions of many territorial disputes, self-determination, etc.. e.g. National Communism)