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Language and Gender (Theorists (Fairclough (1989) (power, ideology and…
Language and Gender
Theorists
Mills and Stanley
the disproportionate number of taboo lexical terms used to describe women compared to men. Eg slag, slut and tart are used for women not men.
Julia Stanley (1977)
220 terms for a promiscuous female and only 20 for a male. Insults for men are less taboo and often effeminate.
Cameron, Mills and Schulz
Lexical terms like lord/lady, bachelor/spinster and king/queen. Negative connotations with spinster and positive with bachelor
Fairclough (1989)
power, ideology and language operate in unison
"the gist of my position is that language connects with the social through being the primary domain of ideology, and through being a site of, and a stake in, struggles for power"
Deborah Cameron
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difference approach is to do with differential power rather than different ways of using language and language doesn't reflect the social status of men and women
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Peter Trudgill (1974)
Studied how male and female speakers pronounced suffix 'ing' (laugh/ing/, walk/ing/): found men tended to use non-standard pronounciation, and seemed to attach covert prestige to non-standard forms, while women were often favoured more standard forms
Edina Eisikovits (1998)
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- interconnection of gender, age and social class inform language choices
- younger adolescent - used non-standard forms widely
- older females - used less non-standard forms
- older males -used it more
Robin Lakoff (1975)
Women's language as inferior to male language as women are inferior in society.
- Hedging 2. Politeness 3. Tag questions 4. Emotional emphasis 5. Empty adjectives 6. Correct grammar and pronunciation 7. Lack of humour 8. Direct quotations 9. Extended vocabulary 10. Declarations with interrogative intonation
Jenny Cheshire (1982)
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Boys tend to use more non-grammatical forms, like ain't, than girls.
Janet Holmes (1992)
The use of tag questions are multi functional not just a sign of uncertainty. Used for politeness or to maintain a conversation
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Jennifer Coates (1989)
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all female talk is cooperative by negotiating discussions and supporting each other's rights whereas mixed sex talk didn't have this
O'Barr and Atkins (1980)
O'Barr and Atkins challenged Lakoff's conclusion. Women's language features in court room testimonies found how social class amongst males and females used women's language features. Upper class used less women's language features.
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Dale Spender (1980)
Language embodies structures that sustain patriarchal power.
Explained that the supposed talkativeness of women was due to men's preferred state for women.
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Jane Pilkington (1992)
Women in same-sex talk are more collaborative than men in all male talk; Women aim for more positive politeness strategies; Men are less supportive and complimentary to each other.
Konrad Kuiper (1991)
Found that in a all male rugby team weren't likely to save their face and instead used insults as a way of expressing solidarity.
Howe (2013)
Found that men had linguistic strategies to gain power and more likely to respond than use backchanneling like women
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Terminology
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Stereotyping
the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong
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Marking
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Covert marking
Marking that is understood, for example in the antonyms young and old, young is the marked, old the unmarked term
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Dominance Approach
Men dominated conversation
Women's speech was naturally passive, men's naturally assertive
Difference Approach
Men and women belong to different subcultures
They think and communicate in uniquely male and female ways
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