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Unit 1: Industrialization image 70779-004-3D6D0B3A (Social…

- - - - Women served as safety supervisors in factories where women worked in Britain
      - Jane Addams, a college educated women in the U.S., ran settlements that served the poor residents of slum neighborhoods
    - - Delegates form 27 countries attended the 1899 meeting
  - - - He retired from Parliament in 1825, but he continued to fight for abolition
      - Amazing Grace was written about him
      - He was highly religious
  - - - She was referred to as a "dragon" because of how ferocious she was
- - - - Increased efficiency of farmland
      - Drilled holes in the earth at even intervals
      - Invented by Jethro Tull
      - Drilled holes to certain depths
    - - Invented by Edumund Cartwright in 1787
    - - Made by John Kay in 1733
      - Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day
    - - Utilized water, steam, and coal
      - Utilized as early as 1705 to pump water from mine shafts
      - James Watt and Matthew Boulton perfected high pressure steam engine
      - Boulton and Watt steam engine was used in Robert Fulton's steam boat
    - - Allowed water to be used as a source of power
      - Invented by Richard Arkwright
    - - Invented by James Hargreaves
      - Named after his daughter
      - Won a cash prize
      - Allowed on spinner to work eight threads at a time
    - - Invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney
      - Designed to remove seeds from raw cotton
      - Cotton production went from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810
    - - Invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779
      - Combined water frame and spinning jenny
      - Thread was stronger, finer, and more consistent
  - - - Robert Bakewell increased mutton output by allowing only the best sheep to breed
      - Between 1700 and 1786, the average weight of lambs climbed from 18 to 50 pounds
    - - Different species of crops were planted in a cycle to balance how nutrients were used and replenished
      - Better than the medieval three field system
      - Cycle might look like:
        
        2: Turnips
        
        1: Wheat ( exhausts nutrients)
        
        3: Barley
        
        4: Clover
    - - Wealthy landowners bought village farms
      - Consolidated farms
      - Divided individual fields with walls or hedges
- - - - Trade generates wealth and geopolitical power
      - Wealth is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances (colonies)
      - Shields for country's own industries from foreign competition (protectionism)
        
        Accomplished through tariffs
    - - Europe's age of exploration
      - Discovery of the New World
      - First wave of European colonization
      - Done by Spain, France, Britain, and Holland
    - - Bullionism- the economic health of a nation could be measured by the amount of precious metals which it possessed
        
        "Hard" money was the source of prosperity, prestige, and strength for a nation
        
        Favorable balance of trade
        
        Trade surplus
        
        High tariffs on imported goods (except raw materials)
      - Each nation must try to achieve economic self-sufficiency
      - Thriving agriculture should be carefully encouraged
        
        Less of a need to import foods
        
        Prosperous farmers could provide a base for taxation
      - Impose taxes of all kinds
      - Colonies would provide captive markets for manufactured goods and as sources of raw materials
      - Trade is a "zero-sum" game, meaning that a nation can only gain in international trade at the expense of other nations
      - A large population is needed to provide a domestic workforce to people the colonies
      - Luxury items should be avoided because they take money out of the economy unnecessarily
      - State-sponsored trade monopolies are needed to regulate and enforce all of these economic policies
      - Sea power was necessary to control foreign markets
        
        Less of a need to use other nations' ships to transport your goods
        
        Your own fleet adds to the power and prestige of the nation
  - - - Set working conditions without interference
      - Favor a free market unregulated by the government
      - French for "let do"
      - Came from French philosophers during the Enlightenment
        
        Argued that gathering wealth through tariffs actually slowed the economy
        
        Free trade and lack of regulation would make the economy prosper
    - - Attacked Mercantilism
      - Considered the first major work of classic economics
      - Professor of logic/philosophy at the University of Glasgow, Scotland
      - Thought that economic progress was guaranteed through economic liberty
    - - Law of Self-Interest-People work for their own good; individuals seeking success are driven by self-interest, or profit motive
      - Law of Competition- Competition forces people to make a better product; the competitive market will force produces to be efficient and respond to the desires of consumers
      - Law of Supp;y and Demand- Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy; individuals who are free to pursue their self-interest will produce goods and services that others want at prices that others will be willing to pay
    - - Thomas Malthus, in 1798, wrote An Essay on the Principles of Population
        
        Argued that population increases faster than food supply
        
        Wars and epidemics were required to kill off the extra people
        
        Otherwise, most people were destined to be poor and miserable
      - David Ricardo, a wealthy stockbroker, wrote Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)
        
        Thought that the permanent underclass would always be poor
        
        Wages would be forced down as the population increased
    - - Would upset the free market system
      - Undermine the production of wealth in society
      - Lower profits
    - - Goods and services are produced for profit
      - Human labor power is a commodity for sale; it is actually the source of value
      - If humans are, by nature, self-interested, the free market (while appearing to be chaotic and unrestrained) is guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods by a so called "invisible hand", meaning the free market is self-regulating
      - A social division of labor will maximize satisfaction
    - - Economic independence can lead to corporate corruption (monopolies)
      - Abuse of workers (low wages, bad working conditions, etc.)
      - Boom and bust economic cycles
      - General social/international inequality
  - - - People should judge idea, actions, and institution by how useful they are
      - Government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
      - Individuals should be free to promote his- or herself without government interference
      - Questioned unregulated capitalism
      - Workers shouldn't border on starvation
      - Wanted to help ordinary people with equal division of profits
      - Cooperative system of agriculture
      - Supported women's rights
      - Reform in legal/prison and education
    - - He built nice houses to rent cheaply to employees
      - Banned children under 10 from working
      - Provided free schooling
      - He tried to make a utopian community called New Harmony in Indiana in 1825, but it only lasted three years
  - - - Fourier was a reporter who went into slums, saw the greed of factory owners, and supported state control of factories, mills, railroads, etc.
      - Women's suffrage and positions in government were supported
      - Factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
      - Grew from an optimistic view of human nature, belief in progress, and concern for social justice
      - Government should plan the economy to end poverty and promote equality
      - Louis Blanc advocated change through the extension of the right to vote
  - - - Marx was a former college professor turned author/philosopher who was German by birth
      - Engel was a college educated social critic and journalist who reported on the conditions of the working people in Europe during the Industrial Revolution who was also German by birth; he financed Marx's work
      - Book is known as the "Marxist Bible"
      - No revolts occurred initially and the book was not widely read until after Marx's death in 1883
    - - Human societies have always been divided between the "haves" (bourgeoisie) and the "have-nots" (proletariat); the Industrial Revolution had wrongly enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor
      - Workers should overthrow the wealthy
        
        Capitalism would destroy itself when the workers revolted and attacked the few wealthy factory owners
        
        Factories and mills would be seized
        
        Workers would produce just what was needed
        
        Profits would be split and assure economic equality
        
        Government would be controlled by workers until it disappeared
        
        Final stage is called Communism
        
        Complete socialism
        
        No private property
        
        Classless society would develop
        
        All goods and services would be shared equally
    - - Primitive Communism
        
        How humans first live together- in a small tribe
        
        Everything was shared equally among the tribe: food, jobs, belongings, land, etc.
      - Feudalism
        
        A group comes to power; this is typically a king, emperor, or chief
        
        The people are uneducated, being told that God chose the king to rule; the church supports this
        
        Land and privileges are given to nobles
      - Capitalism
        
        As trade develops, so does wealth
        
        Capitalists get richer while workers do all of the hard labor
        
        Capitalists give more power to themselves
        
        Creates a huge working class that is angry because of the way that they are treated
      - Socialism
        
        Workers take control of the country to make things for everyone
        
        All people benefit from education and health because nothing is made for profit
        
        Kings, churches, capitalists, etc. are gotten rid of
      - Marxism (Modern Communism)
        
        Everyone works together, so armies are not needed; the same goes for police
        
        All human activity goes towards benefiting each other, so all can live their lives to the fullest
        
        Everything is provided by the people, so money is no longer needed
    - - The Proletariat classes will rise up in a great uprising against the Bourgeoisie (civil war)
      - A "temporary" dictatorship will step in and help to redevelop society (re-build industry, create laws, etc.)
      - The "temporary" dictator will voluntarily give up power, thus creating a classless, borderless utopia
    - - Economic forces di not dominate society as Marx and Engel said
      - Religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties, and a desire for democratic reform have equal if not greater impact
      - Wage gap did not widen due to various reforms
      - Communism would fall apart because everybody got the same whether they worked or not