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Theories of human development (Learning theory (classical/operant…
Theories of human development
Psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud
drives and moral rules - determine behaviour
**structure of personality
id
The Id: present at birth - psychic energy - pleasure principle
death drives /Thanatos
Destructive - aggression, war etc.
Life drives / Eros
Ego drives
survival ( food, water, O2 etc) few moral bonds
Sexual drives
bound by societal morals
unconscious
ego
reality principle - serves and manages the age
starts developing 1st year of life - lifelong changes
develops defense mechanisms in response to demands from superego
conscious
superego
moral subsystem/conscience of personality
develops from age 1 - 4 demands ego obey societal moral rules
unconscious/preconscious functioning
changes in sexual drive - lifespan
oral stage
First year of life
Mouth is erogenous zone
Biting - 1st aggressive behaviour
punishment - moral development
weaning - defense mechanism - displacement - mothers breast replaced
Phallic stage
erogenous zone - sex organs - phallis
Oedipus/ Electra complex - castration
defense mechanisms - repression and indentification
pride, humility, extroversion, introversion, chastity, promiscuity
Anal stage
2-3 years - anus erogenous zone - control excretory functions
society / parents exert control - excretory function
influence orderliness, neatness, cleanliness, thrift, punctuality, accuracy
Latent stage
age 5/6 to puberty
no new erogenous zone
identify with parent of own gender, play with friends own gender
learn gender appropriate behaviour
Genital stage
puberty - sexual drives important
ego and superego well developed - more realistic
Ego Theory (Erik Erikson)
conscious rational ego most important stimulus to development
developmental stages characterised by developmental tasks and crises
8 life stages - each dominated by opposing crises/tasks to synthesise
1, trust vs mistrust = hope - first year
autonomy vs shame &doubt = will-power - age 2
initiative vs guilt = purpose 3-6 years
industry vs inferiority = competence 6 to puberty
Identity vs role confusion = reliability - adolescence
identity crisis - who am i, social identity (where do i belong) , what are my values and ideals - what do i want to achieve?
Intimacy vs isolation = love early adulthood
Generativity vs stagnation = care - adulthood
Integrity vs despair = wisdom
Learning theory (classical/operant conditioning
all behaviour is learnt
behaviourism - stimulus response relationships - types
John Locke (1632 - 1704) - mind is a blank slate at birth
John B. Watson (1878 - 1958) give me a dozen healthy infants...
Ways of learning
classical conditioning
response that was originally associated with a particular stimuli becomes linked to another stimuli (Pavlov 1890)
Observational learning
Instrumental /operant conditioning
organism plays an active role (Skinners rat)
reinforcement of behaviour
Humanism
people develop as a whole and in accordance with inherent organic laws
future plans/vision important determinant of development
the individual influences his own development - never stops developing