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Context of development (Social inequalities (Health status inequalities…
Context of development
Demographic transitions and life-span development
The concept of population from demographic perspective has substantive meaning; area's population its size, composition and change
The interplay between population processes and human life-span development from a social and historical perspective
Population processes
The change in the nature of modern family is linked to fertility and fertility decline
Birth rates have reached an all-time low throughout the industrialized world
Causes of these changes are the women's movement, the sexual revolution, the changing demography of the household and the growing economic independence of women in modern life; cultural changes in family-linked values of independence
Change in values; women aren't expected to stay in home and take care of the home and children
Emerging adulthood is longer; studies and working prevents some to starting families
In the first demographic transition people faced issues of fertility control for avoiding large numbers of births
In the second demographic transition problem is the delaying or avoided parenthood
In preindustrial societies populations remained stable with high birth and death rates
After the mid-19th century improvements in sanitation, nutrition, income and medical technology older age and mortality began to decline
Consequences for life-span development
The life course is defined by trajectories of events and transitions which extend across the life span
Family is the primary agent for the care and nurture of children although the nature of parent-child relationship have experienced some significant changes (daycare etc.)
Adolescence is the transition to adulthood
It is the age that represent an intersection of life history in social social settings as well as developmentally
Adulthood can be roughly divided in midlife and old age
Old age in the modern context is difficult to define because of different rates of biological aging
Big life transition is retirement; people retire when income and assets allow or their physical health begins to fail
Third age is new life stage for those pensioners whose life enrichmented after retirement
Historically there are no differences between adulthood ad old age; people where considered old when they no longer had benefit for the society like when women couldn't have children anymore
The pace population aging is remarkable and global phenomenon
There are more and more people living longer but also living with chronic diseases and disabilities, both physical and cognitive
Future directions in the study of demography across the life span
The understanding of population processes, involving fertility, mortality and migration are essential to understanding the challenges presented by the life course at each phase in the overall life span
Social inequalities
Income inequality barriers in both access to health care and the quality of health care received
Within individual nations social inequalities are intricately linked to disparities in health based upon racial and ethnic group categorization, gender, sexuality, age, ability, citizenship, geographic residence and other social category memberships
Social inequalities refer to disproportionate allocations or possessions of economic and social resources among groups
One of the clearest ways in which social inequalities manifest is in indicators of structural inequalities as household income and unemployment rates
Health status inequalities and health disparities
People in less well settings experience negative outcomes in relation to their well to do peers and have higher risk to have acute and chronic illness health status and poor health behaviors
Social inequalities do not follow a uniform trajectory across ethnic groups in their effects on physical and mental health outcomes
Stress-related precursors of serious mental health problems are more available to consciousness than are those of physical health problems
Racial and ethnic minorities have extensive histories of disease, ill health and varied individual reactions to their poor health
One contributing factor is the stressor role of prejudice and discrimination across the life course also the socioeconomic status is major risk factor and have effects in mortality and morbidity
Among populations with equal access to health care minorities do worse when it comes to the quality of health care they receive
There are several perspectives used in sociological, public health and epidemiological research for indirect and direct effects of social inequalities in the life course
The stress process model that specifies that acute and chronic stressors affect health via different mechanism
The law of small effects says that there is no one single factor that produces health disparities among racial and ethnic groups instead it is likely that there are group of small differences that accumulate over the life course
Intersectionality theory and research provide useful premises to help with understanding the ways in which social inequalities contextualize individual life-span development and the different social identities implicate different psychological and health outcomes
Poverty has effect on people because of inadequate diets, fewer educational opportunities and greater exposure to crime
Relationships between environmental factors as high crime rates, high noise and pollution levels and social isolation has negative effects and affect all members of families and communities
Environment facilitates different opportunities and coping resources
Crucial next step for examinations of social inequalities in life-span development is the employment of multilevel modeling to capture the interrelationships between social inequalities and life-span development
From Handbook of Life-Span Development by Fingerman, Berg, Smith and Antonucci