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Structure of Woody Plants (Concepts (secondary tissues (wood # (Sycamores…
Structure of Woody Plants
Vascular Cambium
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Initiation of the Vascular Cambium
fascicular cambium
"bundle"
interfascicular cambium
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mature parenchyma cells between bundles
simple meristem
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Fusiform Initials
long, tapered cells
conifers
dicots
longitudinal cell division
periclinal wall
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elongate cell
becomes fusiform initial
elongate cell
becomes
secondary xylem
secondary phloem
anticlinal walls
orientation is constant
wood never forms
outside vasicular cambium
bark never forms
on the interior side
cambial cells
narrow daughter cells
cells in inner side
secondary xylem
thin primary walls
proplastids
Ray Initials
short, cuboidal cells
become storage
parenchyma cells
gymnosperms
albuminous cells
Arrangement of Cambium Cells
fusiform initials
storied cambium
few advanced eudicots
redbud
persimmon
nonstoried cambium
ray initials
short vertical rows
single tree/shrub
has single vascular cambium
forms narrow cylinder
Secondary Xylem
Types of Wood Cells
secondary xylem
wood
tracheids
vessel elements
fibers
schlreids
parenchyma
axial system
pines
tracheary elements
conifers
fibers
strength
flexibility
woody angiosperms
hardwoods
soft
just tracheids
softwoods
hard
radial system
# :
oaks
simple
only parenchyma
rays
upright cells
procumbent cells
ray tracheids
Growth RIngs
early wood
spring wood
high number of wide vessels
high number of wide tracheids
conifers
late wood
summer wood
lower number of wide vessels
stronger
numerous fibers
annual ring
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diffuse porous
yellow birch
aspen
sugar maple
ring porous
red oak
sassfras
honey locust
Heartwood and Sapwood
heartwood
dark wood
sapwood
light wood
formed by vascular cambium
forms heartwood annual ring
tylosis
forming a plug
Reaction Wood
response to stress
conifers
compression wood
Secondary Phloem
axial system
responsible for conduction
sieve tube members
companion cells
angiosperms
conifers
radial system
Outer Bark
Cork and the Cork Cambium
cork cambium
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phellogen
phelloderm
cuboidal cells
outer bark
inner bark
cork cells
phellem cell
periderm
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tough
impervious
epidermis
cortex
older secondary phloem
Lenticels and Oxygen Diffusion
aerenchymatous cork
lenticels
bases of cracks in bark
pathway for oxygen
Initiation of Cork Cambia
initiation time varies
may be combo of tissues first
young tree bark
different
older tree bark
Concepts
primary tissues
primary plant body
secondary tissues
wood
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Sycamores
Chestnuts
Pines
Firs
roses
oleanders
azaleas
bark
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conducting tissues
water and minerals upward
carbohydrates downward
secondary plant body
shrubs
rhizomatous
Irises
Bamboo
Ferns
annual herbs
seeds
must compete for new sites
woody perennials
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seeds
secondary growth
chemical and structural defenses
occurs in eudicots
most basal angiosperms
all gymnosperms
Secondary Growth in Roots
woody angiosperms
conifers
stems
circular cambium
unequal growth stops
all parts grow at same rate
root vascular cambium
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Anomalous Forms of Growth
Anomalous Secondary Growth
Roots of Sweet Potatoes
storage paryenchyma cells increase
increase in vascular cambia
speed up rate of storage capacity
alternative cambia
secondary bodies
included Phloem
eudicots
secondary phloem
between 2 bands of xylem
Unequal Activity of Vascular Cambium
Bauhinia
2 active
2 inactive
flexibility
Secondary Growth in Monocots
Joshua trees
dragon trees
palms
secondary vascular bundles
xylem
phloem
Unusual Primary Growth
establishment growth
primary growth
palms
vascular cambium never develops
