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The Nervous System (Brain (Frontal Lobe- controls the rationality, right…

- - - - Its position in a reflex arc determines the type of neuron.
        
        Houses nucleus and organelles
    - - Carry the nerve impulse away from the cell body.
        
        Most are covered in Schwann Cells
    - - Nerve impulses occur in the gaps of the myelin sheath
        
        Saltatory Conduction
        
        Nerve impulses 'jump' from nodes. The influx of ions creates an electrical charge.
    - - Has synaptic vesicles that have neurotransmitters
    - - Carry the nerve impulse to the cell body.
        
        Specialised dendrites are called sensory receptors.
    - - Surround the axon. The myelin sheath acts as insulations and allows for faster transmission.
        
        The thin layer around the Schwann cells and axons is the neurilemma. It repairs damage to axons.
        
        White Matter has myelin but grey matter does not.
      - Are Glial cells
- - - - Sensory Neuron
        
        Interneuron
        
        Motor Neuron
        
        Muscle Response
        
        Stimulus
- - - - The Auditory Canal directs soundwaves to the ear drum (timpanic membrane)
  - - - Vibrations are amplified and transferred to the oval window by the ossicles
        
        The oval windows transfer the vibrations to the cochlea
        
        The cochlea is a snail shell type tube structure
        
        There are structures called the basilar membrane on the inside of the cochlea
        
        Contains the organ of cortei
        
        Sound frequency affects how much area moves
  - - - Regards head position. Vestibule is composed of the saccule and the utricle. They are suspended in a gelatinous material, when it moves it sends a nerve impulse to be interpreted by the cerebellum.
    - - Regards body position. Semi-Circular Canal is composed of ampullae. Inside an ampulla is an cupula. The canals move and so does the cupula and the hair celss send a nerve impulse to be interpreted by the cerebellum.
  - - - The pinna gathers sound waves to pass on to the auditory canal
      - The timpanic membrane vibrates
      - Passed on to the ossicles to the oval window
      - Movement on the oval window causes the movement of the fluid in the cochlea
      - Fluid in the cochlea makes the basilar membrane to move
      - Stereocilia move against the tectorial membrane and sends a nerve impulse to the temporal lobe to be interpreted.
- - - - It is similar to serotonin and binds to the receptors. Sometimes the LSD will excite them or inhibit them.
    - - Cocaine blocks the dopamine transporters and dopamine is trapped in the synaptic cleft where it bonds to the receptors over and over.
    - - Makes GABA receptors more inhibiting and prevents glutamate from exciting the cell.
    - - Meth mimics dopamine and taken in by transporters. The excess dopamine is put back in the synapse and binds to the receptors over and over.
    - - THC mimics anandamide, binding to cannabinoid receptors and dopamine is released.
    - - Ecstasy mimics serotonin and is taken in by the transporters . It changes the transporters and releases serotonin back into the synaptic cleft where it binds to the receptors mover and over.
    - - Mimics the body’s natural opiate receptors. Dopamine is released in the synapse.
- - - - The space between the axon terminals and dendrites. Involves pre-synaptic (receiving neuron) and the post-synaptic neuron (from where the impulse was sent).
    - - Transmission of the nerve impulse requires neurotransmitters.
    - - *
        
        Depolarisation makes its way to the pre-synaptic terminus.
        
        -Ca+ channels open and activate the vesicle.
        
        -Ca+ binds to the vesicles that have the neurotransmitters.
        
        -Release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
        
        -Ion channels open to the neurotransmitter
        
        -Enzymes break the neurotransmitters down in the synaptic cleft
- - - - Sympathetic
        
        Prepares body for stress. Pupils dilate and heart rate quickens.
      - Parasympathetic
        
        Restores the body after stress. Slows heart rate and breathing.
- - - - Skin
      - Proprioceptors
        
        Muscles, tendons, joints
      - Taste
        
        Tongue
      - Olfactory
        
        Nasal cavity (smell)
      - Photoreceptors
        
        Eyes
      - Mechanoreceptors
        
        Ears
- - - - Number of neurons firing, respective threshold level. and frequency of action potential