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modules 31-33, module 32 (32.6 (external cues activiate associations that…
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module 32
32.6
external cues activiate associations that help us retrieve memories; this process can happen without awareness, just like in priming
priming: the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
encoding specificity principle: the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
when retrieving memories, going back to the same physical context or emotional state can help the emotional or physical state is also known as mood congruency
mood-congruent memory: the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
serial position effect: our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
this is because the first items are more rehearsed while the last items are most likely still in working memory
32.2
episodic memory: explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory)
hippocampus: a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories- of facts and events- for storage
with the help of surrounding areas of cortex acknowledges and temporarily holds elements of explicit memories before moving to other regions for memory consolidation
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semantic memory: explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic memory)
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32.5
long-term potentiation (LTP): an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
neurons become more efficient at releasing and sensing the presence of neurotransmitters; more connections develop between neurons
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module 33
33.1
proactive interference: the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
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retroactive interference: the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
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repression: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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normal forgetting is okay. why? no encoded information-why? the physical trace has decayed or we can't retrieve what we encoded and stored
33.2
reconsolidation: a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
source amnesia: faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. (also known as source misattribution) source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
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Déjà vu: that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
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false memories can feel like real memories and be persistent but are typically limited to the main essence of the event
33.3
there is debate on whether memories of early childhood abuse can be repressed and recovered during therapy
many professionals are seeking to find a middle ground between the potential for doubting true accusations of abuse and the potential for false accusations
Things that Psychologists Agree On:
•sexual abuse is a thing •injustice •forgetting •recovered memories are commonplace •memories before age 4 are unreliable •memories recovered" under hypnosis are REALLY unreliable •memories can be emotionally upsetting
33.5
•sleep more •study repeatedly •make material meaningful •activate retrieval cues •use mnemonic devices •minimize interference •test oneself to be sure the retrieval of, as well as recognizing, material
33.4
children are vulnerable to misinformation effect but if are questioned in neutral, understandable words then they can recall events and those who are involved more accurately
module 31 pt.1
31.2
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parallel processing: processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information in the memory system
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connectionism information-processing models views memories as products of interconnected neural networks
31.1
Memory: the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Recall: a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
recognition: a measure of memory in which the identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
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31.3
explicit memory: retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
(also known as declarative memory)
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automatic processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
implicit memory: retention of learned skills of classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
(also known as nondeclarative memory)
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31.4
incidental information about space, time, and frequency is automatically processed along with our skills and classically conditioned associations
module 31 pt.2
31.7
mnemonics: memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organized devices
spacing effect: the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
testing effect: enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
31.5
echoic memory: a momentary sensory memory f auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere; sounds and words cans still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
iconic memory: a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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31.6
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the capacity of working memory varies depending on age, intelligence level, and other factors
31.8
Shallow processing: encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing: encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention