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Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction (Endocrine Gland Impairment…
Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction
Damage to Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
Clinical Manifestation
Loss of thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands
Altered growth
altered reproduction pathways and gonad synthesis due to hormonal imbalance
Treatment Modality
MRI or CT scan to identify abnormalities
Altered hormone levels in the bod due to Panhypopituitarism or hyperpituitarism
bloodtests to detect hormonal imbalances
Damage to the hypothalamus pituitary axis due to
Inflammation
degeneration
Tumors
genetic defects
causes trouble secreting/ producing multiple hormones
Anterior Pituitary
FSH and LH
Estrogen
Testosterone
TSH
Thyroid Hormones
ACTH
Adrenocorticosteroids
Prolactin
Breast
GH
Bone and Soft tissue
Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin
Breast
Uterus
ADH (Vasopressin)
Kidney
Hypothalamus
Neurotransmitters
ADH
Oxytocin
Releasing Hormones
Thyrotrpin Releasing Hormone
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Gonadotropon Releasing Hormone
Growth Hormone releasing Hormone
Treatment
Drugs that block excessive hormone affecting the body
surgical intervention to remove neoplasms
Genetic testing
low levels usually need life long pharma therapy in order to control it.
multiple hormone level checks in order to discern a pattern
SIADH
Treatment:
removal of tumor causing ectopic ADH secretions
IV fluid regulation
treatment of hyponatreima
Diagnosis
hyponatremia
hypotonicity
decreased urine output
absense of renal, adrenal, or thyroid abnormalities
Clinical Manifestation
sensitivity to temperature changes w/o stimuli
hyponatremia
hypotonic
decreased and concentrated urine output
nausea
vomiting
cramps
weakness, disorientation
condition of excessive production of anti-diuretic hormone and release of ADH despite fluid level in body
Damage to Cell Receptors
A decreased number of receptors
lack of receptor sensitivity
presence of antibodies that block receptor sites
presence of tumor cells that deprives unaffected cells of hormone
impaired cell to cell communication
Diabetes
lack of cell to cell communications
lack of sugar absorption and usage in the body, which causes high blood sugar and lack of control mechanisms due to inadequate insulin usage
Insulin is the hormone which the adrenal gland secretes in order to control the glucose levels in the bloodstream.
type 1
type 1 is the lack of signal receptors on cells that recognize the insulin hormone allowing sugar to be used.
type 2
Type 2 diabetes is the lack adequate functioning of the receptors for insulin.
Damage to Feedback Mechanism
Most commonly due to ectopic hormone production
Most common hormones
ADH
ACTH
SIADH
Treatment:
removal of tumor causing ectopic ADH secretions
IV fluid regulation
treatment of hyponatreima
Diagnosis
hyponatremia
hypotonicity
decreased urine output
absense of renal, adrenal, or thyroid abnormalities
Clinical Manifestation
sensitivity to temperature changes w/o stimuli
hyponatremia
hypotonic
decreased and concentrated urine output
nausea
vomiting
cramps
weakness, disorientation
condition of excessive production of anti-diuretic hormone and release of ADH despite fluid level in body
Can cause increased negative feedback loops due to high ADH concentration in the body
Damage to Elimination and metabolism
damage to inactivation pathways and elimination methods cause excess hormone levels in circulation at a time
Diabetes Insipidus
condition of insufficient ADH production which results in the bodies inability to concentrate and retain water
Due to impairment of hypothalamic osmoreceptors
Causes
Insufficient secretion by posterior pituitary or hypothalamus,
inadequate kidney response to presence of ADH
Ingesting extremely large amounts of water , decreasing ADH levels , water intoxication
Hyperthyroidism
state of excessive thyroid hormone
Stimulates metabolism and when in excess can cause dysfunction
Endocrine Gland Impairment
destruction of endocrine gland
lack of hormone secretion
affects target tissue function
impaired through
genetic defects
autoimmune disorders
Neoplastic growths
hypoxia
injury
radiation
degeneration
treatment
surgical removal or neoplastic growths
drugs to suppress or induce hormone production.
hormone therapy and supplemtation
Diagnosis
hormonal level testing
CT scans
clinical manifestation
depends on the glands that are dysfunctional, and the hormones secreted.
Addison Disease
acute ACTH deficiency
leads to hypertension and shock
lethal
lack of CRH or ACTH
lack of secretion hormones from the adrenal cotex
Disease presents when 90% of Adrenal cortices are destroyed or nonfunctional
Clinical manifestations
insufficient levels of steroid hormones
Glucocorticosteroids
Mineralcorticosteroid
Androgens
Stimulation of melanocytes
hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes
Treatment
IV fluid
Isotonic IV fluid
hydrocorticosoe sodium succinate or phosphate
Life long oral hormone supplements