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Inheritance,Virtual,Recursion (Recursion (Key concepts (Bottom-Up…

- - - - If we have a derived class that inherits from base, there is actually a base constructed inside each derived object
  - - - Object Splicing
        
        Since C++ is strongly typed the compiler must know what type it's working with
        
        Derived d;
        Base b = d;
        (Assuming =operator works)
        
        All b knows is that it's a Base class. It doesn't know any info from Derived and therefore chops everything that's not related to Base off
        
        This means that b is ONLY a Base object
      - Proper Inheritance
        
        Derived d;
        Base * b = &d;
        
        The reason this works is that it's only a pointer.
        
        It points to some area in memory. That with the virtual table allows polymorphism to work
- - - - Virtual Table points to the functions that an object has. This is how it knows which one's to call
        
        When we have a virtual function it overrides the pointer currently set at the function
- - - - Generally used when you only know the answer at the end
        
        Once you know the answer you don't change anything and instead continue returning that one answer
        
        Examples
        
        Factorial Example
        
        Boolean Example
        
        Very similar to the image above but instead once we find our result to be true or false we continue returning that
    - - mergesort
  - - - Focusing on the base cases and working our way up
    - - Focusing on going from the full question to a smaller version
        
        Usually a combination of the two is needed to solve
    - - With each recursive call you MUST make some incremental change that simplifies the next calls work
        
        Determining what change needs to be done comes with practice
        
        The incremental change needs to be as simple as possible
  - - - Imagine you're in the middle of a huge auditorium and you're asked what row you're in?
        
        Counting all those rows would take time but imagine if the person in front of you already knows his row number
        
        All you'd need to do is increment his by 1;
    - - You really need to believe that the recursive call you're making magically will do the work you want it to do
        
        After that all you need to do is build on top of that work that is done