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Chapter 27 Archaea and Bacteria(!>) (Prokaryotic Cells (Protective…
Chapter 27 Archaea and Bacteria(!>)
Prokaryotic Cells
"Unicellular"
No nucleus
Nuleoid is where chromosomes are found
No membrane bound-organelle
Have Circular Chromosomes
Smaller ring of indepen. replicating DNA called
Plasmid
-cary few genes
allow on consuming of Antibiobic without harming themselves
Generate ATP
Photosynthesis(Cynobacteria)
Bacteria 3 Shape
Rod-Shape
Spiral
Spherical
Bacterial Cell Walls
Contain
Peptidogylcan:
a polymer composed of modified sugars cross linked by short polypeptide.
Characteristric
Membrane enclosed organelles
Absent
Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Present
Nuclear Envelope
Absent
Membrane Lipids
Unbranched hydrocarbon
RNA polymerase
One kind
initiator amino acid for proten synthesis
Formylmethionine
Response to antibiotic streptomycin and chloramphenicol
Growth Usually inhabited
Histones assciated with DNA
Absent
Cicular chromosome
Present
Growth at temperatures >100 C
No
Introns in genes
Very rare
Gram Stain
Discovered by Han Christian Gram
Gram Negative
Crystal Violet-iodine
"The safranin dye stains the cell pink or red."
Thin layer of peptidogylcan
Gram-Positive
Crystal Violet
"The darker crystal violet dye masks the red safranin dye."
Thick Cell wall made of peptidogylcan
Cell-Surface Structure
Cell Wall
Protect Cell
Prevent for bursting in a hypotonic environment
Hypertonic Environment; most of the pro loose water and shrink away from their wall
Maintains Cell shape
Protective layer
Capsul-Stciky layer of polysachhride
Protect against dehydration
shield pathogenic prokaryotes from attacks by their host immune system
Endospores
Developed resistants cells when they lack water or essential nutrients
Movement/Reproduction
Binary Fission (Reproduction) -Asexual reproduction
a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells, which then dive into 4,8,16 and so on.
Divide every 1-3 hours; some produce new species in only 20 minutes. Outweigh Earth.
Often short in generation times.
Flagella (Movement)
Movement of bacteria in the surface
Ex: to swim
Taxis(Movement)
A direct movement toward or away from a stimulus
Ex: Prokaryotes exhibit
chemotaxs
change their movement pattern in response to chemicals.
Sex Pili
Genetic Diversity/ Obtain of Energy in Prokaryotes
Role of O in Metabolism
Anaerobic respiration-
in which the substance other other than O2, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions, accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chain.
Obligate anaerobes
-poison by O2; live by fermentation
Facultative anaerobes
-use O2 if it is present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration in an anaerobic environment.
Obligate aerobes-
Must use O2 for cellular respiration and can grow without it.
Obtain Energy
Chemoautotroph
Inorganic chemicals Energy source
Es: Unique to certain prokaryotes
Autotroph
Photoautotrophs
Light Energy Source
Ex: cyanobacteria;plants;protis
Autotroph
Photoheterotroph
Light Energy
Ex: Rhodobacter. Chloroflexus
Heterotroph
Chemohetertroph
Organic Compounds
Ex: Many prokaryotes
Heterotroph
Genetic Recombination
Conjugation/ Plasmid
DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually the same species) that are temporarily joined
one donor and no receptors
F factor-The ability to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation from the presence of F factor. Exist in either plasmid or as a segment of DNA within the bacterial chromosomes
R plasmid-Bacteria mutate that it is resistant to the antibiotic due its mutation in the generation.
Transduction
phages, that viruses infect. Could carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another.
If some of this DNA is then incorporated into the recipient cell's chromosome by crossing over
Transformation
The phenotype or possible genotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by uptake of foreign DNA from its surrounding
Its chromosomes contains DNA derived from two different cells.
Metabolic Cooperation
Heterocysts
-carry out only nitrogen fixation; they don't allow O2 to enter from their neighbor., but they can transport fixed nitrogen to neighborhood cell and to receive carbohydrates.
Biofilm
- it occur in suface-coating colonies
often happened in nature and also in the industry of of medical and can be really harmful
Nitrogen Metabolism
essential for the production of animo acid and nucleic acid in all organism.
Nitrogen fixation-
converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
Archaea/Biosphere/Benefits and harmful
Biosphere
Decomposer- Chemoheterotrophic( breaking down dead organism as well as waste produce there by unlocking supplies of carbon, nitrogen and other elelment
Ecological Interaction
Mutualism-Both species benefit
Comensalism-One benefit and one is not harm
Symbiosis-"Living together" (Other name host or symbiont)
Parasitism-kill its host.
Parasite: eat cell content
Pathogen-parasite that cause disease
Harmful and Beneficial
Mutualistic Bacteria
Pathogenic Bacteria
Enxotoxin-protein secreted by certain bacteria and other organism
Endotoxin-realease only when bacteria is dead and their peptidoglycan break down
Archea
Live in an Extreme environment
Extreme halophiles
Live in highly saline environment such as the Great Salt Lake Utah
Extrememophiles- "Lovers" of extreme environment
Exthreme thermophiles
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
Thrive in a very hot environment Ex: Volcanic Spring
Mathogen-live in a modarate environment.
release of methane as way of obtaining energy
Characteristic
initiator amino acid for proten synthesis
Metheionine
Response to antibiotic streptomycin and chloramphenicol
Growth not inhibited
RNA polymerase
Several kinds
Histones assciated with DNA
Present in some species
Membrane Lipids
Some branched hydrocarbon
Cicular chromosome
Present
Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Absent
Growth at temperatures >100 C
Some species
Membrane enclosed organelles
Absent
Nuclear Envelope
Absent
Introns in genes
Present in some genes
Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic
Same
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane; Plasmamembrane
Ribosomes
Genetic Material (RNA and DNA)
ATP
Mithochondri
Cynobacteria
Eukaryotic
Complex
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Membrane bound-organelle
Multicellular
Chloroplast-photosynthesis
Animal, Protist,Fungi,Plant,Yeast
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
No membrane Organelle
No nucleus (Nucleoid)
Eukaryotic
RNA polymerase
several kinds
initiator amino acid for proten synthesis
Methionine
Membrane Lipids
Unbranched hydrocarbon
Response to antibiotic streptomycin and chloramphenicol
Growth not inhibited
Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Absent
Histones assciated with DNA
Present
Membrane enclosed organelles
Present
Cicular chromosome
Absent
Nuclear Envelope
Present
Growth at temperatures >100 C
No
Introns in Genens
Present in many gene
