Hypertonic Environment; most of the pro loose water and shrink away from their wall

Contain Peptidogylcan: a polymer composed of modified sugars cross linked by short polypeptide.

shield pathogenic prokaryotes from attacks by their host immune system

Developed resistants cells when they lack water or essential nutrients

Ex: Prokaryotes exhibit chemotaxs change their movement pattern in response to chemicals.

Smaller ring of indepen. replicating DNA called Plasmid-cary few genes

allow on consuming of Antibiobic without harming themselves

a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells, which then dive into 4,8,16 and so on.

Divide every 1-3 hours; some produce new species in only 20 minutes. Outweigh Earth.

The phenotype or possible genotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by uptake of foreign DNA from its surrounding

Its chromosomes contains DNA derived from two different cells.

phages, that viruses infect. Could carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another.

If some of this DNA is then incorporated into the recipient cell's chromosome by crossing over

DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually the same species) that are temporarily joined

F factor-The ability to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation from the presence of F factor. Exist in either plasmid or as a segment of DNA within the bacterial chromosomes

R plasmid-Bacteria mutate that it is resistant to the antibiotic due its mutation in the generation.

Anaerobic respiration- in which the substance other other than O2, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions, accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chain.

Facultative anaerobes-use O2 if it is present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration in an anaerobic environment.

Obligate aerobes-Must use O2 for cellular respiration and can grow without it.

essential for the production of animo acid and nucleic acid in all organism.

Nitrogen fixation- converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

Heterocysts-carry out only nitrogen fixation; they don't allow O2 to enter from their neighbor., but they can transport fixed nitrogen to neighborhood cell and to receive carbohydrates.

often happened in nature and also in the industry of of medical and can be really harmful