Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

MICROBIAL DIVERSITY(PROTIST AND FUNGI) (FUNGI (major fungal groups…

- - - - role in recycling nitrogen and phosphorus
    - - structure similar to multicellular plants/ animals
    - - Outer gelatinous ectoplasm
        
        Inner fluid region termed endoplasm
    - - provides support
  - - - Fornicata
        
        Microaerophilic
        
        epidemic diarrhea from contaminated water
        
        flagellated and lack mitochondria
        
        harmless symbionts
        
        exceptions
        
        Giardia – causes diarrhea
        
        Hexamida salmonis – fish parasite
        
        H. meleagridis – turkey pathogen
      - Parabasilia
        
        Most are flagellated
        
        Lack a distinct cytosome
        
        phagocytosis to engulf food
        
        Two subgroups
        
        Trichonymphida
        
        obligate mutuals of wood-eating insects
        
        such as termites
        
        release cellulose for digesting
        
        ecdysone hormone produced by host triggers sexual reproduction
        
        Trichomonadida
        
        do not required oxygen
        
        possess hydrogenosomes
        
        asexual reproduction
        
        symbionts of digestive, reproductive, and respiratory traits
      - Euglenozoa
        
        found in fresh water
        
        1/3 photoautotrophic
        
        representative phototroph
    - - Amoeboid motility
      - Naked amoebae
        
        surrounded only by a plasma membrane
      - Testate amoebae
        
        plasma membrane covered by material made by amoeba or obtained from the environment
    - - general characteristisc
        
        Amoeboid in morphology
        
        distinguished by fine pseudopodia
        
        axopodia
        
        • filopodia supported by microtubules • protrude from the axoplast • primarily used in feeding
      - Stramenopila
        
        diatoms
        
        marine plankton
        
        produce 40% to 50% of organic carbon in ocea
        
        golden and brown algae
        
        öomycetes and labyrinthulids
        
        Chlorophylls and accessory pigments
        
        Frustule – two-piece cell wall of silica
      - Alveolata
        
        Apicomplexans
        
        Parasitic
        
        Plasmodium, the cause of malaria
        
        Dinoflagellates
        
        marine plankton
        
        cause phosphorescence/toxic blooms in seawater
        
        Nutritionally complex
        
        Trichocysts are defensive proteins
        
        Symbiotic forms (zooxanthellae)
        
        Ciliophora
        
        Chemoorganotrophic
        
        Found in both benthic and planktonic communities
        
        many cilia as locomotory and feeding organelles
        
        Reproduction
        
          sexual by conjugation
        
          asexual by transverse binary fission
    - - containing a photosynthetic plastid
        
        arose through an ancient endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium
- - - - Chemoorganoheterotrophs with absorptive metabolism
      - Lack chlorophyll
      - Saprophytes
        
        absorb nutrients from dead organic
      - Reproduce sexually and asexually
  - - - –  mycorrhizae – associations with plant roots
      - –  lichens - associations with algae or cyanobacteria
    - - fermentation – yeast used in making bread, wine, beer, cheese, soy sauce
      - organic acids – citric and gallic acid
      - antibiotics – penicillin, griseofulvin
      - immunosuppressive agents – cyclosporin
    - - geneticists, cytologists, biochemists, biophysicists, and microbiologists
      - Saccharomyces cerevisiae •  yeast model system for cell biology, genetics, and cancer
  - - - examples include rusts, shelf fungi, puffballs, toadstools, mushrooms
      - sexual reproduction form basidium
      - Impact on Human
        
        Decomposers
        
        Edible and non-edible mushrooms
        
        Pathogens of humans, other animals, and plants
        
        e.g. Cryptococcus neoformans
      - Urediniomycetes and Ustilaginomycete
    - - Genus Aspergillus
        
        A. fumigatus
        
        – ubiquitous environmental – allergies and significant pathoge
        
        A. oryzae
        
        – production of fermented foods – important in biotechnology
        
        Aspergillus – 37 Mb genome, model system
      - general characteristics
        
        some used as research tools
        
        some yeasts and truffles are edible
        
        some are human and plant pathogens
        
        general characteristics
      - Pathogenic Ascomycota
        
        Claviceps purpura
        
        on higher plants
        
        •  toxic condition from eating infected grain
        
        •  due to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD
        
        Candida, Blastomyces, Histoplasma
        
        human pathogens
        
        Aspergillus – aflatoxins and cancer
    - - Aseptate flat hyphae
        
        to penetrate host plants; produce large, multinucleate spores and only reproduce asexually
      - importance as mycorrhizal symbionts of vascular plants
        
        intracellular associations within roots
        
        mutualistic relationship
        
        ,delivers soil nutrients to the plant; plant provides carbohydrates to fungus
        
          fungus helps protect host from stress
    - - Most are saprophytes
      - Form coenocytic hyphae containing numerous haploid nuclei
      - industrial importance
        
        foods, antibiotics and other drugs, meat tenderizer, and food coloring
      - reproduce asexually by spores
      - Sexual reproduction occurs when environmental conditions are not favorable
        
        hormone production causes hyphae to produce gametes
        
        requires compatible opposite mating types
        
        gametes fuse, forming a zygote
        
        zygote becomes zygospore
      - Genus Rhizopus
        
        R. stolonifer
        
        grows on surface of moist carbohydrate rich foods such as bread
        
        hyphae quickly cover surface as rhizoids, absorb nutrients
        
        stolon hyphae become form new rhizoids
        
        Importance
        
        Rhizopus-Burkholderia symbiosis
        
         seedling blight in rice bacterium Burkholderia growing within Rhizopus produces toxin
        
        Used to produce tempeh from soybeans
        
        Used with soybeans to make sufu curd
        
        Commercially
        
        used to produce anesthetics, birth control, alcohols, meat tenderizers, yellow coloring in margarine
    - - also called chytrids
      - Produce a zoospore with single, posterior, whiplash flagellum
      - Asexual and sexual reproduction
      - degrade cellulose and keratin
    - - Obligate intracellular fungal parasites
      - Aquatic birds are common hosts and contribute to large numbers of spores in environmen
      - Transitional form is a spore structure
        
        capable of surviving outside the host
      - Structurally similar to ‘classic’ fungi
        
        contain chitin, trehalose, and mitosomes
        
        morphology is polar tube essential for host invasion
        
        lack mitochondria, peroxisomes and centrioles
      - Pathogenesis
        
        Human infections – Enterocystozoon bieneusi •  diarrhea •  Pneumonia
        
        – Encephalitozoon cuniculi •  encephalitis •  Nephritis