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Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution photo (Social Developments…
Industrial Revolution
Economic Developments
Mercantilism
"Bullionism" or economic wealth of a nation based on the amount of gold or metal it has
economic self-suffeciency
came from the "Age of Exploration"
thriving agriculture should be carefully encouraged
sea power was necessary to control foreign markets
impose internal taxes of all kinds
colonies would provide captive markets for manufactured goods and sources of raw materials
trade is a "zero sum" game
a large population is needed to provide domestic labor force to people the colonies
luxury items should be rewarded
state action was needed to regulate and enforce all of these economic policies
Capitalism
Principles of capitalism
goods and services are produced for capital exchange
human labor power is a commodity for sale and labor is the source of value
the "invisible hand" of the market
individuals seeking success and driven by self interest leads to profit motif
supply and demand
law of competition
a social division of labor will maximize satisfaction
government should interfere minimally
Drawbacks
general social inequality
economic independence can lead to corruption
abuse of workers
"Boom or Bust" cycle
trade and industry is controlled through private ownership
personal profit
limited government to promote public benefit
Industries and Innovations
British canal system
James Watt steam engine
Expansion of Iron System
steel is created
Bessemer process (1856)
textile mills
Farms
improvements in farming techniques
creation of "enclosure" system (crop rotation)
Social Developments
Middle Class develops
Cities
Population location shifts to urban living
increase in population
Factories
poor working conditions
long working hours
children worked
dangerous equitment
Role of women evolved
Women now worked in factories and mines
women began fighting for equal rights between genders
Industrial Reform Movement
goal: Make society better for poor and working classes
Political Developments
Philosophers
Thomas Hobbes
people by nature are wicked and selfish
people need a ruler to keep order
made a "social contract" where people give up rights for order
John Locke
people are born with "blank" minds and must be educated
people learn best through experience and improvement
people are born with "natural rights"
Voltaire
a champion for tolerance of others
had a satire newspaper
freedom/tolerance of all religions
freedom of expression
Jean Jacques Rousseau
one of most radical/diverse philosophers
novelist, musician, educator
champion for social equality and individual freedoms
everyone has equal say in government
Cesar Beccaria
upper class thinker
criticized justice system in Europe
trial by jury
anti-torture
anti-capital punishment
Mary Wollstonecraft
remembered for love affair with philosopher William Goodwin
world's first "feminist"
pro-education, women have right to be involved in politics
Communism
Karl Marx
German by birth
former college professor
author/philosopher
lazy guy; could not maintain a job
hated conditions that the Industrial Revolution brought to workers
created "Marxism" - commonly known as "communism"
Frederick Engels
German by birth
college educated
journalist/social critic
reported on working conditions in Europe during the Industrial Revolution
financially supported Marx and his writings
What is communism?
Common ownership of all resources
Based on the idea of Marxism/Socialism
No private property
Classless/stateless society equals social equality
Communist Manifesto
Marx and Engel's greatest work
published in 1848
not widely read in Europe until after Marx's death in 1883
Proletariat
working class/lower classes of society
Bourgeoisie
upper classes/the ones who gain wealth off the Proletariat
Primitive communism -> Feudalism -> Capitalism -> Socialism -> Marxism (modern communism)
