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Chapter 8: Structures of Woody Plants (Vascular Cambium (Fusiform Initials…
Chapter 8: Structures of Woody Plants
Concepts
primary tissues
epidermis
cortex
vascular bundles
pith
leaves
secondary tissues
wood
new tissues
bark
secondary phloem
cork
examples
sycamores
chestnuts
pines
firs
Herbs
live fast
die young
short
shorter life span
Vascular Cambium
Initiation of the Vascular Cambium
vascular cambium
plural
cambia
produce secondary plant body
fascicular cambium
vascular cambium cells
interfascicular cambium
vascular bundles
parenchyma
out of cell cycle arrest
resume mitosis
Fusiform Initials
long
tapered cells
periclinal wall
produces two elongate cells
fusiform initial
secondary xylem/phloem
outer cell
cambium
inner cell
xylem
anticlinal walls
perpendicular
cambium surface
Ray initials
similar to fusiform initials
short and more /less cuboidal
Arrangement of Cambial Cells
storied cambium
horizontal rows
have evolved more than nonstoried
example
redbud
persimmon
nonstoried cambium
irregularly
without horizontal pattern
Secondary Xylem
Type of Wood cells
secondary xylem
woods contain
fibers
sclereids
tracheids
parenchyma
radial system
develops from ray initials
axial system
fusiform
hardwoods
large amount fibers
strong
construction
tough
softwoods
soft
balsa
lack fibers
type of parenchyma cells
upright cells
adjacent to axial parenchyma
plasmodesmata occur
procumbent cells
contain ray tracheids
horizontal
rectangular cells
Growth Rings
later wood
summary wood
lower proportion of vessels
cuticle thickened
transpiration is less
older wood
annual ring
growth ring
diffuse porous
growth ring vessels throughout
examples of tree
yellow birch
aspen
sugar maple
american holly
ring porous
vessels restricted to early wood
example of tree
red oak
sassafras
honey locust
Heartwood and Sapwood
hearwood
darker
drier
sapwood
moister
lighter
tylosis
plug
plural: tyloses
Reaction wood
not vertical
Secondary Phloem
vascular cambium
axial and radial system
responsible for conduction up and down the stem/root
Outer Bark
Cork and Cork Cambium
cork cambium/phellogen
secondary phloem
cork cell/phellem cell
outer cell differentiates
phelloderm
mature parenchyma
periderm
layers of cork cells
phelloderm (if any)
cork cambium
outer bark
innermost cork cambium
inner bark
sencondary phloem
Lenticels and Oxygen Diffusion
lenticels
aerenchymatous cork
Initiation of Cork Cambia
initiation time variable
first bank
reactivation
Secondary Growth in Roots
shoot wood
not identical
most roots are woody
Anomalous Forms of Growth
Anomalous Secondary Growth
roots of sweet potatoes
Ipomoea batatas
parenchyma increased dramatically
included phloem
several eudicots
vascular cambium arises
produces ordinary secondary
xylem
phloem
unequal activity of the vascular cambium
ordinary growth
all areas have equal activity
secondary growth in monocots
secondary vascular bundles
produce narrows cell
parenchyma cells repaid division
alternative cambia
Unusual Primary Growth
palm tres
establishment growth
increase in width
adventitious root in palms
