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A-20 Reading Notes Modules 34-36 Unit VII: Cognition (Module 35: Solving…

- - - - Divergent thinking is expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
- - - - Mental set is a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
      - representativeness heuristic is estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
      - Availability heuristic is estimating the likelihood of events based their availability in memory
        
        Overconfidence is the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
        
        Framing is the way an issue if posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements
        
        Belief perseverance is clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
        
        Framing is the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments
        
        Ask Yourself Question:Some thing I fear is people who want to hurt others. If I see someone in public who looks dangerous or odd I will stay away from them.
        
        Test Yourself Question: If a tragic event, like an air plane crush makes the news, it is noteworthy and unusual, compared to more common bad news, such as traffic accidents. Knowing this, we won't have to worry so much about unlikely events and we can think more about improving the safety of our everyday activities.
        
        Test Yourself Question: 1. Algorithm is the inability to view problems from a new angle; focuses thinking but hinders creative problem solving. 2. Intuition is methodological rule or procedure that guarantees a solution but requires time and effort. 3. Insight is your fast, automatic, effortless feelings and thoughts based on your experience; huge and adaptive but can lead you to overfeel and under think. 4. Heuristic is simple shortcut that enables quick and efficient decisions but put us at risk for errors. 5. Fixation is sudden Aha! reaction that instantly reveals the solution. 6. Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for support for your own views and to ignore contradictory evidence. 7. Overconfidence is holding on to your beliefs even after they are proven wrong; closing your mind to new ideas. 8. Creativity is overestimating the accuracy of your beliefs and judgements; allows you to be happier and to make decisions more easily, but puts you at risk for others. 9. Framing is wording a question or statement so that it evokes a desired response; can mislead people and influence their decisions. 10. Belief perseverance is the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
- - - - Morphemes in a language is the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
      - Grammar in a language, is a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
      - Ask Yourself Question: I adapt to language in different situations by trying my best to always listen closely and to ask questions to clarify. Sometimes it requires effort, but it is mainly an atomic thing.
        
        Test Yourself Question: Two morphemes- cut and s, and four phonemes- c, u, t, and s
        
        Steven Pinker says language is "the jewel in the crown of cognition"
        
        Biology and experience work together
        
        In fantis means "not speaking"
        
        Babbling stage is the beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utter various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
        
        Two-word stage is the beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
        
        Telegraphic speech is early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs
        
        Ask Yourself Question: I am currently in ASL 3, when I started ASL as a freshman, it was tricky to understand people because my recessive skills weren't as high and I wasn't able to finger spell fast. However, after being in the class for 3 years, my receptive skills have improved drastically, I no longer have to think so hard when someone is signing to me, and I don't have to think about what I am finger spelling.
        
        Test Yourself Question:The premise of researcher Noam Chomsky's work in language development is that language is nature's gift. He believed a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules, which he called universal grammar, helps explain why young children puck up language so quickly and use grammar so well.
        
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        Test Yourself Question: It is hard to learn a language in adulthood because our brain's critical period for language learning is in childhood, when we absorb language structure almost effortlessly. As we move past that stage in our brain's development, our ability to learn a new language diminishes dramatically.
        
        One-word stage is the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words