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Kingdom Animalia (Characteristics used to classify animals include:…
Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics used to classify animals include:
Number of body layers
How many layers of cells does it have? All animals but sponges and cnidarians have 3 layers of cells.
Symmetry and body plans
Bilateral symmetry where the body can only be divided evenly on 1 plane through the central axis.
Radial symmetry where the body can be divided evenly on any plane through a central axis.
Asymmetrical where it can't be divided into equal halves.
Levels of organization
Animals are classified based on their structure, tissues, and organ systems.
Body cavity
Does the organism have a coelom where organs and organ systems can develop?
Segmentation
Is the body divided into repetitive sections or segments?
Movement
Are they able to move or are they sessile (stationary)?
Reproduction
Internal reproduction is where the sperm fertilizes the egg within the female.
External reproduction is where the sperm fertilizes the egg outside of the female's body.
Vertebrate Animals meaning they have backbones (Phylum: Chordata)
Amphibians (Class: Amphibia)
The first tetrapods to appear and live a portion of their lives on land, but they mostly live near wet ecosystems.
In addition to lungs, most amphibians use their skin for gas exchange.
Most amphibians are divided into 2 groups:
Order Anura (toads and frogs).
Order Urodela (salamanders).
Most reproduce through external fertilization.
Mammals (Class: Mammalia)
Females have special features called mammary glands to produce and secrete milk to nourish developing young.
Distinguished by having hair.
Hair as multiple functions that include insulation, camouflage, waterproofing, and communication.
Specialized hairs can act as defense mechanisms such as quills on a porcupine.
Mammals are endothermic and have a 4 chambered heart.
Mammals are divided into 3 groups:
Monotremes
Egg-laying mammals
Marsupials
Are pouched animals that have a short gestation period (the amount of time that offspring grow in the uterus).
Placental mammals
Have a placenta (an organ in the pregnant uterus which exchanges oxygen between the mother and the baby).
Are diverse in species and structure.
Birds (Class: Aves)
Defined as a separate class, however scientists have discovered that they are related to a type of dinosaurs.
Evidence to prove this is that some species of dinosaurs had feathers and wing-like forelimbs.
Most birds contain hollow bones for the ability to fly, however there are a few like the penguin that have solid bones.
All birds are endothermic (use metabolic heat to maintain high, constant body temperature).
Birds also have a 4 chambered heart.
Birds reproduce internally.
Birds have a unique respiratory system where it promotes one-way movement of air through the use of air sacs.
Fish (Class: Chondrichthyes for cartilage fish and Osteichthyes for bony fish)
All fish have gills to obtain dissolved oxygen from the water.
Some fish have a skeleton made of cartilage (flexible tough material that isn't bony found in vertebrate exoskeletons)
Some fish are bony and have a skeleton made of bones. Most bony fish have an air sac called a swim bladder. This swim bladder can be filled with oxygen or emptied of oxygen for the fish to rise or sink.
Reproduce externally, fish release their eggs and sperm into the water hoping for the 2 to mix and later form an embryo.
Reptiles (Class: Reptilia)
Has body scales that act as a water proof barrier to prevent dehydration. Reptiles lack moist skin and therefore use their lungs for gas exchange instead of their skin.
Reptiles are divided into separate groups:
Order Squamata (lizards and snakes).
Order Testudines (turtles).
Order Crocodilia (crocodilians).
Reptiles fertilize internally and after the sperm and egg join together, several layers of membranes develop around the egg and this is known as an
amniotic egg
. These eggs are also shelled to resist drying out.
Most reptiles deposit eggs in places that provide heat for incubation like sun-warmed sand. However there are a few species that give birth to live offspring rather than laying eggs.
Reptiles are ectothermic (rely on environmental heat for determining body temperature).
Reptiles have a 3 chambered heart.
Have a coelom which is a fluid filled cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems.
Invertebrate Animals meaning they don't have backbones
Arthropods
They have a body divided into multiple segments.
Have a hard exoskeleton (an external skeleton that protects its organs, provides support for muscle attachment, and protects against water loss.
It is made out of protein and chitin, and this exoskeleton is shed or moulted as the animal grows.
Arthropods can be divided into different groups:
Chelicerates (spiders, mites, and scorpions)
Have 2 body segments that include; a cephalothorax and an abdomen.
Have 6 pairs of joined appendages. Some appendages are used for feeding.
Some of these are poisonous.
Have no antennas.
Myriapods (millipedes and centipedes)
Each segment has 1 or 2 pairs of legs
Have a pair of antennas and in most cases have simple eyes.
Centipedes are poisonous and millipedes aren't.
Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and barnacles)
Has 5 pairs of joined appendages.
Have 2 pairs of antennas.
Segments in the head and thorax regions fuse and become more specialized.
Insects (bees, mosquitoes, ants, etc)
Have 3 body segments; the head, thorax, and abdomen.
3 pairs of legs
May have 1,2, or 0 pairs of wings.
Parts of the mouth specialize in siphoning, piercing, sucking, and chewing.
Molluscs (Phylum: Mollusca)
Have bilateral symmetry, 3 layers of cells, a coelom, and 2 body openings.
There are 3 main Classes of molluscs, which include:
Class Bivalvi (clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops)
Class Gastropoda (shelled snails and non-shelled slugs)
Class Cephalopoda (octopuses and squids)
All molluscs have a mantle which is a membrane that surrounds its internal organs.
All molluscs have organ systems that include; digestive, circulatory respiratory, excretory, reproductive, and nervous systems.
Sponges & Cnidarians
Have 2 layers of cells.
Sponges (Phylum: Porifera)
Have an asymmetrical body plan and have no tissues.
The cells that make up a sponge are independent of each other and if it were to separate into clumps, the sponge could actually reassemble itself.
Sponges are sessile as adults, so how do they ingest food? They feed by trapping food particles in water as the water passes through internal chambers within its body.
Cnidarians (Phylum: Cnidaria)
Have tissues including muscle tissue and a simple nervous system.
This allows them to swim and catch prey. Food is digested in the body cavity known as a gastrovascular cavity.
Have radial body symmetry.
Have 2 basic forms:
A polyp is a cylindrical form that attaches to a surface and extends its tentacles upward and outwards to catch prey.
A medusa is a flattened, mouth-down form that isn't attached and moves with currents or actively body contractions.
Some alternate between the 2 below forms during their lives.
Can be divided into several classes:
Class Hydrozoa (fresh water hydras)
Class Scyphozoa (marine jellyfish)
Class Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals)
Worms
Can be divided into 2 Phylums
Phylum Platthelminthes (flatworms)
Flatworms are the least complex worms because they are acoelomates and don't have a coelom, therefore leading to simple organ systems.
Have 3 layers of cells.
They have a simple nervous system with a brain like concentration of cells, and also have an eyespot at the head end.
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Have a segmented body plan that are divided into a series of rings.
Have a coelom, leading to several more complex organ systems.
Echinoderms (Phylum: Echinodermata)
Are marine animals that have radial symmetry, spiny endoskeletons, and tube feet.
Endoskeletons are internal skeletons that protect internal organs and provides support for muscle attachment. Their endoskeletons are made of calcium carbonate plates.
Tube feet are small, muscular fluid-filled tubes that are similar to suction cups. By using their muscles, the animal forces water into the tube feet, making them extend.
This group of animals include; sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars.
Characteristics that define an animal include:
All animals are made of Eukaryotic cells that don't have cells walls. Additionally all animals are multicellular.
All animals are heterotrophs and usually ingest and digest their food.
All animals are usually mobile and are able to move in at least one stage of their lives.
All animals reproduce sexually, either internally or externally.
Salmon
Tuna
Blue Jays have hollow bones.
Penguins have solid bones.
Another example of this is the duck-billed platypus.
An example is the echidna.
