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Microbial Diversity : (BACTERIA (C) PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA (Cyanobacteria…

- - - - Genus Aquifex
        
        G-, thermophile (opt 85'C), micraerophilic, chemolitoautotrophs
    - - Gemus Thermotoga
        
        G- rods (outer sheathlike envelope balloons from ends of cell
        
        Thermophiles grow in active geothermal areas
        
        Chemoheterotrophs have glycolytic pathway, grow anaerobically on carbo/protein, similar to archael gene
  - - - p. membrane has large amount palmitoleic acid rather than phosphatidylglycerol phospolipid
      - G+ but lack of G+ cell wall
      - lack techoic acid
      - L-ornithine in peptidoglycan
    - - Aerobic (Cat +)
      - Resistant to dessication & radiation
      - From ground meat, feces, fresh water
  - - - actinomycetes*
        
        mineralization of organic matter
        
        antibiotics
        
        produce metabolite anticancer, antihelminthic, immunosuppressive
  - - - genus Bacteroides- in oral cavity- help digestion
  - - - Anammoxosome compartment
      - Cell wall Lack peptidoglycan
    - - G-, obligate intra parasite
  - - - GS Bacteria
        
        class Chlorobia order Chlorobiales family Chlorobiaceae
        
        have chlorosomes
        
        ellipsoidal vesicle attached to p. membrane
        
        accessory photosynthetic pigments
        
        light harvesting complex
        
        Lack flagella -nonmotile
        
        gas vesicle
        
        obligate anaerobic photolitoautotrophs
    - - Green Non Sulfur Bacteria (GNS)
      - has both photosynthtic and nonphotosynthetic members
      - genus
        
        herpetosiphon
        
        filamentous, gliding, no photosynthetic, aerobic,
        
        chloroflexus
        
        filamentous -glide, thermophilic, anoxygenic, can grow aerobically as chemoheterotroph
    - - Heliobacteria
    - - carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
        
        2 photosystems
        
        use H20 as e- donor, generate O2 during photosynthesis
      - largest group
        
        chlorophyceae - blue green algae
      - G-, obligate photolitoautotrophs, some can grow slowly in dark (chemoheterotrophs
      - Structure
        
        Storage structure (Carboxysomes, Cyanophycin)
        
        Unicellular, Colonial, filaments (trichomes)
      - Photosynthesis Carbon Fixation
        
        phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments
        
        prochlorophytes
        
        phycobilisomes
        
        Calvin cycle to fix CO2
      - Pigmentation mostly blue green(phyccyanin) --Red/Brown (phycoerythrin)
        
        phototaxis bygas vacuole
      - Ecology
        
        Tolerant env. extreme
        
        Blooms in nutrient rich ponds
        
        Relationships
        
        Symbiotic
        
        phototropic w lichen
        
        symbiont w protozoa n fungi
        
        N fixing w plant
        
        Globa C cycle
- - - - as mycorrhizal symbionts
  - - - IMPORTANCE
        
        Rhizopus-Burkholderia symbiosis seedling blight in rice bact Burkholderia grow within Rhizopus produce toxin
        
        Produce tempeh
        
        To make sufu curd
        
        Produce anaesthetic , brirth control, alcohol, meat tenderiser, yellow coloring in margarine
      - R. stolonifer
  - - - A decomposer
  - - - A. fumigatus
        
        cause allergies
      - A. oryzae
        
        prodction in fermented food
      - Aspergillus
        
        model system
    - - cause Stachybotrys (sick building syndrome)
      - Ergotism
  - - - Obligate intracell parasite
      - similar structure to classic fungi
        
        has chitin, trehalose and mitosomes
        
        lack mitochondria, proxisomes and centrioles
        
        unique morphology = polar tube (for host invasion)
- - - - Outer gelatinous ectoplasm
      - endoplasm
  - - - amooeboid structure
        
        filopodia branched
        
        axopodia
      - Stramenopila
        
        heterokont flagella
        
        Diatoms
      - Alveolata
        
        Dinoflagellates
        
        zooxanthellae
        
        found in marine plankton
        
        Apicomplexans
        
        Plasodium cause malaria
        
        uniolar apical complex
        
        Ciliophora
        
        use cilia as locomotory and feeding organelle
    - - Parabasilia
        
        Lack cystosome, use phagocytosis to engulf food
        
        Triconymphida release cellulose in digesting Trichomonadida posses hydrogenosomes**
      - Fornicata
        
        microaerophilic protist
        
        harmless symbionts with except; Giardia,
      - Euglenozoa
    - - psudopodia for locomotion& feeding
      - Naked amoeba
      - reproduce binary/ multiple fission
      - Testate amoeba
    - - contain photosynthesis plastid
- - - - 5 Major Groups
        
        Methanogens
        
        26 genera (largest group of archaea)
        
        IMPORTANTS
        
        Waste water treatment
        
        Produce methane
        
        can used as clean burning fuel, but can cause greenhouse effect
        
        Oxidiise iron :
        
        cause corrosion of iron pipes
        
        Symbiotic Relationship w Bacteria
        
        assist C/S cycling
        
        Halogen
        
        Halobacteria (extreme halophiles) -opt growth 3-4 M NaCl - need at least 1.5 NaCl
        
        Aerobic, respiratory, chemoheterotrophs with complex nutritional requirements
        
        Thermoplasms
        
        Thermoacidophiles
        
        Class Thermoplasmata
        
        3 genera
        
        Lack cell walls
        
        Sulfate Reducers Euryachaeota
        
        irregular coccoid cells
        
        metabolism
        
        litotrophic (H2 or organotrphic (lactate/ glucose)
        
        use sulfate, sulfite thiosulfite as e- acceptor
        
        posses some methanogen coenzymes
        
        extremely thermophilic opt 83'C
        
        from hydrothermal vents
        
        Extremely thermophilic S'- metabolizers
        
        Class Thermococci order Thermococcales
        
        family 3 genera Thermococcus, Paleococcus, Pyroccus
        
        motile by falgella
        
        Reduce sulfur to sulfide
        
        Opt growth 88-100'C
        
        Strictly anaerobic
    - - CHARACTERISTICS
        
        Mesophilic Ammonia Oxidizers
        
        Membrane Lipids (GROUP 1 ARCHAEA)
        
        known as chrenarcoal now called thaumarchaeol
        
        Recent study on its capabilty in NITRIFICATION in marine env. is important
    - - CHARACTERISTICS
        
        Extremely thermophilic, strict anaerobes, some acidophiles, Sulfur-dependent
        
        Organotrophs (sulphur-oxidizing & hydrogen oxidizing)
      - 25 GENERA
        
        Mostly studied is Sulfolobus and Thermoproteus