Observations
Non Participant Observation
The researcher observes the group / event without taking part in it.
Example:
Using a two way mirror to observe children's behavior.
Participant Observation
The researcher actually takes part in the event or the everyday life of the group while observing them
Example
James Patrick
Overt Observation
The researcher makes their true identity and purpose known to those being studied. The sociologist is open about what they are doing.
Covert Observation
The study is carried out 'under cover'. The researchers true identity and purpose are kept concealed from the group being studied. The researcher usually takes on a false identity and poses as one of the group.
Positivists
Their aim is to be scientific, this meaning that they prefer to use questionnaire as it includes quantitative data.
Interpretivists
Believe that sociology cannot be understood in a scientific point of view. Qualitative methods are seen as more appropriate. Such as an interview or observation.
Studies:
James Patrick and the Glasgow Gang
Humphrey- Studied gay men's sexual encounters in public toilets.
Disadvantages
The sociologist can struggle to get in, stay in or get out of the sample group.
Whether to use overt or covert observations.
Advantages
Social behaviour is in a natural setting.
Offers the chance for small scale detailed research.
Gives validity to the meanings that actors attach to their actions.
May be used prior to a survey to establish relevant questions.
Researcher can become too involved and become a poor observer.
Recording information can become problematic
Humphrey's argued that the researcher can be unethical if:
the sociologist misinterprets their identity to gain information.
The sociologist breaks confidence.
The researcher has negative consequences for those being studied.
Can be dangerous for the sociologists.