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Transport Processes (water potential # (increased (under pressure, heated…
Transport Processes
water potential
#
water
#
#
free energy
add solutes = decrease
work
increased
under pressure
heated
elevated
decreased
reducing pressure
cooling
lowering
pressure potential
megapascals
bars
osmotic potential
solutes on water
+solutes
matric potential
nondissolved structures
Cells and water movement
#
Transport
Short-distance intercellular transport
neighboring cells
sugars
minerals
water
hormones
symplast
continuous mass
apoplast
intercellular spaces
glands
wall
nonglandular regions
guard cells
opening/closing
motor cells
joints
expel potassium
acculumate potassium
adjust
turgidity
water potential
transfer cells
outer surface
smooth
inner surface
outgrowths
ridge-like
Long-distance transport: phloem
pressure flow hypothesis
sources
nutrients
#
water
actively transported
#
sieve elements
polymer trap mechanism
STM/CC complex
Mass transfer
amount per hour
sugars
other nutrients
specific mass transfer
cross-sectional area
sinks
receive sap
P-protein
fine network
P-protein plug
too large
callose
uninjured phloem
polymer
Long-distance transport: xylem
Properties of water
cohesive
adhesive
Water transport through xylem
cohesion-tension hypothesis
transstomatal transpiration
transcuticular transpiration
cavitation
embolism
Control of water transport by guard cells
Diffusion, Osmosis, and active transport
diffusion
simplest
movement
high concentrations -> low concentrations
aka: osmosis
hydrophobic
diffuse easy
hydrophilic
special protein channels
water
passes all membranes
aquaporins
more rapid
membranes
completely impermeable
:no_entry:pass through
isolation barriers
freely permeable
low significance
all solutes diffuse
Selectively permeable
certain substances
lipid/protein cell membranes
molecular pumps
ATP :check:
active transport
intracellular transport
Water available in water/air
water in water
lakes
fresh water
mountains
pure
cleans
clear
rivers
fresh water
sewage
dissolved minerals
organic chemicals
eutrophication
water in air
rain
fog
dew
frost
snow
hail
humidity
pulls water out
transpiration
incipient plasmolysis
plasmolyzed