Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY(ARCHAE AND BACTERIA) (2)BACTERIA (Proteobacteria…
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY(ARCHAE AND BACTERIA)
1) ARCHAE
Crenarchaeota
Metabolically diverse thermophiles
many sulfur dependen
extremely thermophilic
most strict anaerobic and some acidophilic
General characteristics
organotrophs
lithotrophs
sulfur oxidizing
hydrogen oxidizing
25 genera: 2 well studies
sulfolobus
ORDER: sulfolabales
FAMILY: sulfolobacae
cocci and irregular
Characteristics:
chemolilautotrophs
chemoorganotrophs
optimal growth temp:
70 - 85 degree celcius
thermoproteus
ORDER: thermoproteales
FAMILIES:
thermofilaceae
thin, rod, filamentous
optimal growth: 80-90 degree celcius
growth characteristics
obligate anaerobes
acidophilic
sulfur respiration
thermoprpteaceae
cocci, club, rods
optimal growth: 70 >100 degree celcius
growth characteristics
chemolilautotrophs
chemoorganotrophs
Thaumarchaeota
mesophilic ammonia oxidizers
membrane lipid
Group 1 archae
originally known as crenarchaeol
now known as thaumarchaeol
found in: marine water, rice paddies, soil
mesophilic archae
nitrification(from ammonia to nitrate)
Euryarchaeota
have five major groups
1)methanogen & methogonesis
produce methane
occur in anaerobic
methogonesis is last step in compound degradation
importance of methanogens
waste water treatment
produce significant amount
burning fuel and energy source
can oxidize ion
symbionts with certain bacteria
assists in carbon and sulfur cycling
1)halobacteria
extreme halophiles
need 1.5M NaCl
opt growth at 3-4M NaCl
3)thermplasms
thermoacidophiles
three genera
– Thermoplasmataceae – Picrophilaceae – Ferroplasmatacea
lack cell walls
4)Extremely Thermophilic S0-Reducers
Class: Thermococci
Order: Thermococcales
three genera
Thermococcus
Paleococcus
Pyrococcus
use flagella to move
Optimum growth temperatures 88–100°C
Reduce sulfur to sulfide
5)Sulfate-Reducing Euryarchaeota
irregular coccoid cells
consist of glycoprotein subunits
extremely thermophilic
optimum 83°C
isolated from marine hydrothermal vents
metabolism
lithotrophic (H2)
organotrophic (lactate/glucose)
use sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfite
function: electron acceptor
methanogen coenzymes
2)BACTERIA
Aquificae
oldest branch of bacteria
thermophile
Gram-negative rod
microaerophilic
uses oxygen as electron acceptor
chemolithoautotrop
use hydrogen, thiosulfite, and sulfur
function: as electron domor
bacterial thermophiles
optimum growth over 85 degree celcius
phylum:Thermotogae genus themotago
Second deepest branch
Gram-negative rods
Thermophiles
optimum 80°C; maximum 90°C
geothermal areas
Chemoheterotrophs
Deinococcus
class; Deinococci
order: Deinoccales, Thermales
Spherical or rod-shaped; in pairs or tetrads
Gram-positive
layered outer membrane similar to Gram-negatives
L-ornithine in peptidoglycan
lacks teichoic acid
metabolism
aerobic: catalase positive
resistant to desiccation and radiation
Photosynthetic bacteria
cynobacteria
carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
two photosystems
use water as an electron donor
generate oxygen during photosynthesis
phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments
Calvin cycle to fix CO2
purple and green bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis
Chlorobi
Green sulfur bacteria
Morphologically diverse
chlorosomes
ellipsoidal vesicles attached to plasma membrane
photosynthetic pigments
photosynthetic pigments
gas vesicles
adjust depth of cell for light/H2S
anaerobic photolithoautotrophs
use H2S, elemental sulfur
H2 as electron sources
elemental sulfur deposited outside cell
3)Chloroflexi
Green nonsulfur bacteria
nonphotosynthetic
genus Herpetosiphon
photosynthetic
genus Chloroflexus – photosynthetic
filamentous
use an unusual 3-hydroxypropionate bi-cycle to fix CO2
thermophilic
anoxygenic photosynthesis
Chlamydiae
Gram-negative
intracellular parasites
Planctomycetes
having compartmentalized cells
lacks peptidoglycan
Genus Planctomyces
attaches to surfaces through stalk and holdfast
lack stalk
Spirochaetes
Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic
Oxygen requirements vary
Symbiotic Associations
symbiotic • hindguts of termites • digestive tracts of mollusks and mammals • oral cavities of animals
disease • Lyme disease and syphilis
Chlamydiae
Gram-negative
intracellular parasites
Bacteroidetes
chemoheterotrophs
important gut microbiota
in variety of terrestrial and marine environments
in sewage treatment plants
Proteobacteria
arose from a single photosynthetic ancestor
Alphaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Largest subgroup of proteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
two general groups
aerobic, chemoorganotrophic predators
anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic sulfur- and sulfate-reducers
Epsilonproteobacteria
two orders, Campylobacteriales and Nautiliales;
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Firmicutes
Low G + C Gram
3 classes
Clostridia • Bacilli • Negativicutes
High G + C Bacteria
Actinomycetes
source of antibiotics
Actinobacteria