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Chapter 13: Soils and Mineral Nutrition image (Soils and Mineral…
Chapter 13: Soils and Mineral Nutrition
Concepts
all organisms need elements
sulfur
calcium
nitrogen
phosphorus
magnesium
mineral nutrition
derived from rock minerals
cover type of plant metabolism
absorbed from the soil
used immediately as it is
important concept
plant metabolism is based on sunlight
chemicals present in water, air and soil
no animal is able to survive on minerals
one simple carb
must obtain minerals
and complex organic compounds in their foods
Essential Elements
Criteria for Essentiality
Three basic criteria to be considered essential
normal plant development through full life cycle
no substitute can be effective
much be acting within the pant
hydroponic solution
grow inn plant
carefully controlled
research in mineral nutrition
called major/ macro essential elements
Mineral Deficiency Diseases
Causes of Deficiency Diseases
all type of soil
under natural conditions
development are seriously disrupted by a scarcity
Symptoms of Deficiency Diseases
particular element lacking
plant suffer from a scarcity show smyptoms
chlorosis
leaves lack chlorophyll
tend to yellowish
often brittle and papery
necrosis
death of patches of tissue
bacteria
vrial
fungal infections
change in color
immobile Elements
symptoms appear in young leaves or older leaves
related mobility of the essential element
Boron
calcium
iron
mineral loss through crop removal
Mobile Elements
chlorine
magnesium
nitrogen
phophorus
potassium
sulfur
translocated to younger tissue
salvaged and moved to growing regions
Soils and Mineral Availability
Cation Exchange
loosely bound to micelle surfaces
roots cannot absorb
must first freely dissolved in soil
Soil Acidity
soil ph
affect chemical
concentration of free protons
acid rain
silent killer
destroying forests
streams
acid precipitation
The Endodermis and Selective Absorption of Substances
endodermis
prevent uncontrolled
apoplastic diffusion in roots
Mycorrhizae and the Absorption of Phosphorus
mycorrhiza
fungi from symbiotic
benefit to plant
provide phosphorous
soils are derived from rock
weathering
physical
breakdown of rock
wind
water movement
temperature changes
ice is an important agent
produces sizes of soil particles
chemical
chemical reactions
acid produced by decaying bodies
plant
fungi
Nitrogen Metabolism
Nitrogen Fixation
conversion N2 gas into
nitrate
nitrite
ammonium
human manufacturing
nitrogenase
enzyme uses N2 as a substrate
Nitrogen Reduction
reducing nitrogen in nitrare ion
NO3-
oxidation state
amino acids
nucleic acids
many other biological compounds
Nitrogen Assimilation
ammonium into organic molecules
Other Aspects of Prokaryotes and Nitrogen
nitrifying bacteria
oxidize nitrite to nitrate
nitrobacter
nitrococcus
oxidize ammonium to nitrite
nitrosomonas
nitrosococcus
Obtaining Nitrogen from Animals
carnivorous plants
reduced nitrogen by catching animals
ant-plants
flower plant&ferns reduced nitrogen
myrmecodia
hydnophytum
solanopteris
Storage of Minerals Within Plants
phosphates
sulfates
other mineral nutrients
all parts of a plant store minerals in the central vacuoles of cells
seeds store minerals in protein bodies
complex of protein
minerals
