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Digestive System (Gross and Microscopic Anatomy (Large Intestine (Food is…

- - - - Exocrine glands that secrete saliva
      - Mucous, watery substance
      - Amylase: One of the first enzymes that starts to breakdown food in mouth
      - Parotids: largest salivary glands, located beneath the ears, release saliva into the upper molar region in the mouth
      - Submandibulars: below the mandible towards the back, release saliva into the lower molar region in the mouth
      - Sublinguals: release saliva below the tongue infant of the mouth, there are many of them, this is the one when you accidentally spit when talking
    - - Crown: top of the tooth, made of enamel, calcium salts (hard), goes a little below the gingiva (gum tissue), there are no cells in the enamel, cannot be regenerated
      - Dentin:yellowish in color, very hard, continues down into the root of the tooth, imbedded into the bone of the maxilla and mandible
      - Pulp: center of tooth, contains blood vessels and nerves, painful when dentist drills in
      - 32 teeth in adult mouth
      - Incisors: fromt 8 teeth, responsible for cutting and tearing food
      - Cuspids: next 4 teeth, pointed, tear food
      - Biscuspids/Premolars: 8 teeth, chew food into smaller pieces
      - Molars: last 12 teeth in back of mouth
  - - - Mucous Cells: produce mucous into the lumen of the stomach, needed to coat the stomach to protect from high acid content and enzymes
      - Parietal Cells: found in the gastric pits of the stomach and produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid. Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein that allows vitamin B12 to be absorbed in the small intestine. Hydrochloric Acid has a pH of 1-2 and helps destroy bacteria and digest proteins
      - Chief Cells: found in the gastric pits of the stomach, produce enzymes: pepsinogen, gastric lipase. Pepsinogen is the activated form of pepsin and helps breakdown proteins. Gastric lipase helps breakdown fats but the stomach is not the main organ for this.
      - G Cells: found at the bottom of the gastric pits, release the hormone gastrin which increases the activity of stomach acid. Can travel to the accessory glands of the pancreases and gallbladder to stimulate the secretions of their enzymes and bile salts.
  - - - Villi: fingerlike projections on the inside of the intestine
      - Microvilli: further projections along the villi which gives even more surface area for absorption, on the outside of the villi (projections) are blood vessels and lacteals (for fat absorption)
      - Plicae Circularis: deep folds of the mucosal and submucosal layers that force the liquid chyme to spiral through the intestine
- - - - Amylase: enzyme produced by salivary glands and is part of saliva. Helps break down carbohydrates, but we do not keep food in out mouth very long and stomach acid deactivates the enzyme, so it doesn't last long
    - - Gastric Juice: contains a couple of enzymes that help break down food
      - 1. Pepsin/Pepsinogen: pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins, the chief cells in the gastric glands produce pepsinogen, the pepsinogen is converted to pepsin with the help of HCl
      - 2. Gastric Lipase: enzyme breaks down a small amount of fat, most fat breakdown occurs in the small intestine
    - - Pancreatic Juice: enzymes made here enter the duodenum
      - 1. Pancreatic Amylase: breaks down carbohydrates, amylase is released into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct
      - 2. Pancreatic Lipase: breaks down fats
      - 3. Trypsinogen/tryspin: made in the pancreases but when it travels into the duodenum, it is converted to trypsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins that made it through the stomach, which is a lot
    - - Bile Salts: not an enzyme but is responsible for emulsification of the acid chyme. Released from the gallbladder and help break the triglycerides into smaller components- fat droplets. After this has occurred, the pancreatic lipase can further break down the fats into fatty acids and glycerol which can now absorb across the villi and into the lacteals
    - - Concentrated Bile: during storage of bile, it is concentrated
    - - 1. Peptidase: work on peptides to break down into individual amino acids which can move across the villi into the bloodstream
      - 2. Sucrase: work on sucrose breaking down into monosaccharides (single sugars)
      - 3. Lactase: work on breaking down lactose into monosaccharides
      - 4. Maltase: work on breaking down maltose into monosaccharides