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Ch 13 Soils and Mineral Nutrition (Soil and Mineral Availability (Soil…
Ch 13 Soils and Mineral Nutrition
Essential Elements
grows plant in hydroponic solution
formalized in 1860
discovered by Julius von Sachs
Macro Essential Elements
Major Essential Elements
needed in large quantities by plants
Micro Essential Elements
Trace Elements
iron
boron
chlorine
copper
manganese
molybdenum
Criteria for Essentiality
element must be necessary for complete normal plant development
2.The element must be necessary and no substitution can be effective
The element must be acting within the plant not outside it
Mineral Deficiency
Causes of Deficiency Diseases
all soils contain some essential elements
uncommon for plant to suffer from an abundance of a mineral
toxicity = acid oils
tropical areas
most commonly encountered in nonnative crop plants or ornamentals
Symptoms of Deficiency
more so element lacking than plant species
chlorosis
leaves lack chlorophyll
leaves yellow, brittle, and papery
necrosis
death of patch tissue
different elements cause different things to be wrong within the leaf
Mobile and Immobile Elements
Immobile elements
once incorporated into plant tissue, they reman in place
iron, boron, calcium
does not return to phloem, cannot go to younger part of plant
involves motility of essential elements
Soil and Mineral Availability
Cation Exchange
cations must first be freely dissolved in soil solution
Soil Acidity
important for cation exchange
can cause elements to change solubility
chemical mature of rock effects soil acidity
plants adapt to acid soil
The Endodermis and Selective Absorption of Substances
prevents uncontrolled diffusion of roots
Mycorrhizae and the Absorption of Phosphorus
mycorrhiza
roots of 90% of all species form a symbiotic relationship with soil fungi
most common
vesicular/arbuscular
essential for most plants
weathering
soils are derived from rock
Physical Weathering
break down of rock by physical forces
wind
water movement
temperature changes
ice
varies in soil size
coarse sand
largest
fine sand
silt
clay particles/micelles
smallest
Chemical Weathering
field capacity
water that remains in the soil is held by capillary adhesion/cohesion
Nitrogen Metabolism
Nitrogen Fixation
conversion of N2 gas into nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium
nitrogenase
enzyme that uses N2 as a substrate
Nitrogen Reduction
process of reducing nitrogen in the nitrate ion
Nitrogen Assimilation
actual incorporation of ammonium into organic molecules of the plant body
amino group
glutamine transfers the ammonium into glutamate
transamination
transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another
Other Aspects of Prokaryotes and Nitrogen
nitrifying bacteria
oxidize ammonium to nitrite
whole process is called "nitrification"
Obtaining Nitrogen from Animals
carnivorous plants
eat animals
ant plants
flowering plants and ferns
domatium
chamber formed by a plant and commonly used as a living space by an animal
Storage of Minerals within Plants
need storage because they cannot guarantee essential elements are in soil
plants rarely store minerals
but seeds do
