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Zoology (study of animal kingdom) (Kingdom Animalia (Invertebrate…
Zoology (study of animal kingdom)
Kingdom Animalia
Invertebrate
Mollusca
Distinguishing features: Molluscs have a mantle with a cavity used for breathing and excretion as well as the organization of the nervous system. Some may also create a hard shell.
Unsegmented and are bilaterally symmetrical
Live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
Some have hard shells that are created by the mantle edge
They have a foot that lies underneath the animal
In gastropods, the foot secretes mucus as a lubricant to aid their movement
The foot also acts as a sucker which secures the animal to a hard surface
Giant African land snail
In bivalves, the foot is adapted for burrowing into sediments
The foot of a clam
In cephalopods, the foot is used for jet propulsion. The tentacles and arms are derived from the foot
Squid
Most molluscs have mouths with radulae
Radula are unique to molluscs
The radula of a snail
Most molluscs are mainly herbivores although cephalopods are predatory
Includes animals like the octopus, squid, snails, sea snails and clams
Some reproduce sexually while some reproduce asexually.
Some are hermaphrodites
Cnidaria
Distinguishing feature: Has cnidocytes
Fires harpoon like structures mainly used to capture prey
Bodies consist of mesoglea
Clear jelly like layer sandwiched between 2 main layers of cells
Two basic body forms (Both radially symmetrical)
Swimming medusae
Jellyfish
Sessile polyps
Sea anemone
Some may switch between both forms in during their life cycle
Jellyfish
Locomotion
Medusae swim through a form of jet propulsion
Hydras and Sea anemones can move through various means such as creeping, crawling or somersaulting while a few can swim by moving their bases.
No gills or lungs, their cell layers absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide into the surrounding water
Can reproduce sexually and asexually
Can have polymorphism (more than 2 different types of individuals in the same organism)
Portuguese man o' war
Found exclusively in aquatic environments
Porifera
Sponges
Multicellular organisms with many pores that allow water to circulate through them.
Distinguishing features: No nervous, digestive or circulatory systems.
Lack true tissue and organs
Rely on maintaining a constant flow of water through their bodies to obtain food, oxygen and to remove waste.
Some sponges are carnivorous due to a lack of food particles in the water
A carnivorous sponge
Can regenerate from broken fragments only if the fragments contain the right type of cells
All sponges are sessile aquatic animals
Sponge
Many sponges have internal skeletons made of spongin
Skeleton of a sponge
Can remold their bodies if needed
Reproduce sexually by releasing sperm into the water
Can reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation and producing gemmules
Bodies consist of a non living jelly like mass known as mesoglea which is sandwiched between 2 main layers of cells
Some are radially symmetrical while most are asymmetrical
Live in all parts of the world's ocean habitats
Platyhelminthes
Flat worms
Distinguishing feature: No body cavity or specialised respiratory and circulatory organs(They are flat)
Breath by allowing water to diffuse through their flat bodies
They have 3 main cell layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm.
Their bodies are soft and unsegmented
These are defining features when classifying a flatworm's anatomy
Bilateral symmetry
Also has distinct top, bottom, front and tail ends
Live in water, moist terrestrial areas or as parasites
Terrestrial flat worm
Aquatic flat worm
Parasitic tape worm
sexual and asexual although a vast majority are hermaphrodites
Nematoda
Roundworms
Have tubular digestive system with openings at both ends
No stomach is in the nematode
The pharynx extends directly into a muscle less intestine
Nitrogenous waste is expelled through their body wall in the form on ammonia.
Live in all environments
Some are free living and some are parasitic
Free living nematode
C. elegans
Parasitic nematode
Trichinella spiralis
Small, slender worms typically 5-100 µm thick, and 0.1 to 2.5 mm long.
Smallest nematodes are microscopic
Free living species can reach 5cm
Some parasitic species can reach 1m
A large female guinea worm in comparison to the smaller male guinea worm.
Body is bilaterally symmetrical while the head is radially symmetrical
Has a unique arrangement for their nerve cells and muscle cells
Their muscle cells extend fibres into the nerve cells whereas usually in the animal kingdom, the nerve cells extend fibres into the muscle cells.
Most reproduce sexually and are distinctly male or female but some are hermaphrodites.
Annelida
Some live in water although most are terrestrial.
Bilateral symmetry
Use parapodia for movement
Most reproduce sexually although many species can reproduce asexually
Some are hermaphrodites
Distinguishing features: Their body is divided into segments
Basic form of an annelid consists of multiple segments with the same sets of organs and a pair of parapodia in each
Cross section of a worm
They are soft bodied
They range in size from microscopic to over a meter long
A microscopic oligochaete worm
Giant earthworm
Generally do not molt but leeches molt their skin
Some feed on decaying organic matter while others are parasitic
Some gain nutrients through bacteria living in their gut
Tube worms
Earthworm
Parasitic leech
Most have closed circulatory systems.
Arthropoda
Distinguishing feature:Exoskeletons, segmented bodies and paired jointed appendages.
Body plan consists of segments each with a pair of appendages.
They have open circulatory systems.
A diagram of an open circulatory system
Have a rigid cuticle made of chitin often mineralised with calcium carbonate.
Inhibits growth so it is periodically replaced by moulting.
A moulting cicada
Arthropods are segmented internally as well
Certain parts such as the nervous, circulatory, muscular and excretory systems are made up of a series of repeating modules
Internal segmentation
External segmentation includes the main body as well as its limbs
Body segmentation
Leg segmentation
Live in all environments and ecosystems
Bilaterally symmetrical
Most reproduce sexually although a few are hermaphrodites.
Includes Insects, crustaceans, myriopods and celicerates
Echinodermata
They are marine animals
Radially symmetrical
No representatives that are terrestrial or lives in freshwater.
Can reproduce sexually or asexually
Nearly all echinoderms are benthic
Can regenerate tissue, organs and limbs
In some cases, can completely regenerate from one limb
Star fish regenerating legs
Echinoderm larvae have cilia, are free swimming and are bilaterally symmetrical.
Later on, the left side of the body grows in a pentaradially symmetric fashion and absorbs its right side (although exceptions occur).
They usually move through their tube feet but sea urchins an also use their spines to move.
Tube feet of a starfish
Usual 5 limb configuration
Starfish with more than 5 legs
Sea urchin
Distinguishing feature of many echinoderms
Special tissue known as catch connective tissue.
A collagenous material that can change its mechanical properties in a few seconds or minutes through nervous control than by muscle control.
Example: Can make a starfish change its normally flexible form to becoming rigid.
Can be used when prying open a bivalve mollusc or to prevent itself from being extracted from a crevice.
Sea urchins can lock their normally mobile spines into a rigid defensive mechanism.
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Starfish in its flexible form
Regeneration is used in many cases
Some starfish detach their own arms and allow the arm to grow as a form of asexual reproduction.
Sea cucumber discharge their own organs when they perceive a threat. It then regenerates its organs over time.
Sea cucumber discharging its organs
Vertebrate
Chordata
Fish
gill bearing aquatic animals that lack limbs with digits
Ectothermic
Some can produce different frequency of sounds underwater for a variety of purposes.
Oyster toadfish produce loud grunting noises
Dolphins produce high pitched sounds
Certain fish have developed gills and can stay out of water for extended periods of time
Mudskipper
Some require constant movement in order to breath, also known as ram ventilation
Great white shark
Abundant in most bodies of water
Live in all different depths of the oceans
Blobfish live at depths between 600-1200m
Handfish found at depths between 5-10m
They reproduce sexually and lay eggs
Reptile
Mostly tetropods
Ectothermic
All reptiles breath using lungs
Reptiles are covered in a horny epidermis that makes it watertight which enables reptiles to live on dry land.
Reptiles live in a variety of environments and habitats
Turtle (Aquatic)
Black mamba (Terrestrial)
Reproduce sexually and lay eggs
Some are capable of asexual reproduction
Reptiles will shed their skin multiple times over the course of their life.
Shed skin of a snake
Some snakes have pits that are sensitive to infrared radiation.
A pit viper's sensory pits
Amphibians
Ectothermic
The inhabit many habitats, with most in terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or fresh water aquatic ecosystems.
Most start out as larvae living in water
They undergo metamorphosis from a larva with gills to an adult with lungs.
Some may use their skin as a secondary respiratory system while some rely entirely on their skin.
Some retain their gills into adulthood
Axolotl
Most are tetropods although some are not
Caecilian (Legless)
Mountain chicken (Tetropod)
They reproduce sexually and lay eggs in the water or on land in the case of most caecilians
Caecilian eggs are laid underground and when they hatch, their larva make their way to nearby bodies of water.
Caecilian eggs
Frog eggs
Mammals
Characterized by the presence of mammary glands, a neocortex, fur or hair and three middle ear bones.
Endothermic amniotes
Use four extremities for movement on land although some others have extremities adapted for life in the sea, air, trees, underground or on 2 legs.
They live in all environments and habitats around the world
Northern communities
Killer whale (Aquatic)
Bat (Ariel)
Camel (Deserts)
Mammals give birth to live young except for 5 species of monotremes which lay eggs.
Most reproduce sexually and produce live young
Live pigs and mammary glands
All breath using lungs
Mammals are more intelligent with some possessing larger brains, self awareness and tool use.
A monkey using basic tools
Includes humans
Lee Sang-hyeok "Faker"
Birds
Characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard shelled eggs, high metabolic rate, a four chambered heart and a light weight skeleton
The live worldwide
A large majority of birds have the ability to fly.
Some have lost the ability and are known as flightless birds.
Ostrich (Flightless)
Shrike
Only wingless birds are the extinct elephant birds and the extinct moa
Elephant bird
They reproduce sexually and lay eggs
Bird eggs
Birds live in all habitats and environments
Some birds will migrate during winters in order to take advantage of seasonal temperature changes around the world.
Canadian geese migrating
Animal: a living organism that feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.
Ways to classify animals
Levels of organization
cells,tissue,organs,organ systems
Number of body layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Symmetry and body plans
Bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry or asymmetry
Body cavity
Coelam or no coelam
Segmentation
Number of body segments
Movement
Sessile or stationary
Reproduction
sexually or asexually
Internal or external fertilization
Without backbone or spinal column
With backbone or spinal coloumn
