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Learning: relatively permanent change in behavior brought by practice or…
Learning
: relatively permanent change in behavior brought by practice or experience
Classical conditioning
: learning to make reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Unconditioned response: an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus: previously neutral stimulus that is able to produce conditioned response after pairing with original unconditioned stimulus
Comes before unconditioned stimulus and predicts it
Unconditioned stimulus: original, unlearned naturally occurring stimulus that leads to to an involuntary response
Follows conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response: learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
Stimulus generalization: tendency to respond with the conditioned response that is similar to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus discrimination: tendency to stop making a generalized conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Extinction: disappearance or weakening of conditioned response following a removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of conditioned response after extinction has occurred
Neutral stimulus: stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning
High order conditioning: occurs when a strong conditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus causing it to become a second conditioned stimulus
Acquisition: repeated pairing of natural stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
Cognitive perspective: conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned response provides information about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned emotional response: emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
Vicarious conditioning: classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching reaction of another person
Operant conditioning
: learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
Based on the research of Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner
Law of effect: law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, then it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not to be repeated
Reinforcement: any event or stimulus that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
Positive reinforcement when presence of pleasurable stimulus and negative reinforcement when removal of unpleasant stimulus
Primary reinforcer: any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst or touch
Secondary reinforcer: any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Continuous reinforcement: reinforcement of each and every correct response,results in quick learning of desired behavior
Partial reinforcement: reinforcement of some but no all correct responses results in desired behavior that is more resistant to extinction
Variable interval: interval of time required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Fixed ratio: number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Fixed interval: the interval of time required for reinforcement is always the same
Variable ratio: number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trail or event
Punishment: when following a response, decreases the probability that the response will occur again
Positive punishment when presence of unpleasant stimulus and negative punishment when removal of pleasant stimulus
Behavior Modification: use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
Applied behavior analysis: modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
Observational learning
:learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior; learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
Memory: the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done
Imitation: the learner must be capable of reproducing or imitating the actions of the model
Attention: to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention
Desire: the learner must have the motivation to perform the action