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respiratory system (disorders of the respiratory system (chronic…
respiratory system
disorders of the respiratory system
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
patients almost always have a history of smoking, labored or difficutly breathing becomes progressively more severe, coughing anf frequent pulmonary infections are common, hypoxic, lead to respiratory failure, major causes of death and disability in the us
emphesyma
alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through, chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, airways collapse during expiration, patients use a large amount of energy to exhale, overinflation causes barrel chest, cyanosis(blue skin due to lack to of oxygen in blood and tissue) late in disease
chronic bronchitis
mucosa becomes inflamed, mucus production increases, pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange, risk of lung infection increases, pneumonia is common
lung cancer
1/3 of all cancer deaths in us, associated with smoking, three common types(squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma)
sudden infant death syndrone
unexplained infant death, causes may be due to neural respiratory control center or abnormal heart rhythm
asthma
chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages, response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
birth defects
cystic fibrosis- oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
aging effects
elasticity of lungs decreases, vital capacity decreases, blood oxygen levels decrease, stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases, more risks of respiratory tract infection
anatomy of the respiratory tract
nose
nasal cavity divided by nasal septum
air enters nose through external nares
nasal cavity
olfactory receptors located in mucosa on superior surface
rest lined with respiratory mucosa
moistens air
traps incoming foreign particles
cateral walls have conchae
increases surface area
increases air turbulence with nasal cavity
pharynx
three regions
nasopharynx
superior region behind nasal cavity(passage of air only)
oropharynx
middle region behind mouth
laryngopharynx
inferior region attached to larynx
oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
paranasal sinuses
cavities within bones
frontal, sphenoid ethmoid, maxillary bone
lighten skull
resonance chambers for speech
produce mucus
trachea
mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
ciliated mucosa is beat by continuously opposite direction of incoming air
fairly rigid bc of c-shape rings made of hyaline cartilage to keep airway open at all times
connects larynx to bronchi
lined with ciliated mucosa
primary bronchi
enters the lung at hilus
bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
right bronchus is wider, shorter and straighter than the left due to presence of heart on the left
formed by division of trachea
lungs
each lung is divided into lobes by fissures; 2 left, 3 right
base rest on diaphragm(inferior portion)
apex is clavicle(superior portion)
occupy most of thoracic cavity
differences between the right and left lung and right and left primary bronchi
right lung
three fissures
left lung
two fissures
right primary bronchi
wider
shorter
straighter
left primary bronchi
longer due to the presence of the heart
breathing mechanism
Eupnea- normal, quiet breathing
Apnea- temporary cessation of breathing
Dysnea- painful or labored breathing
tachypnea- rapid breathing
definitions of lung capacity terminology
inspirational capacity: tidal volume+inspiratory reserve volume
functional residual capacity: residual volume+expiratory reserve volume
vital capacity: inspiratory reserve volume+tidal volume+expiratory reserve volume
total lung capacity: sum of all volumes
organs of the respiratory system and location
upper
nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx
lower
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs
major functions of the respiratory system
gas exchanges between blood and external environment
passageways to lungs purify, warm, and humify the incoming air
internal and
external respiration
internal respiration
exchange of gases between blood and body cells
flow of air into lung
diaphragm moves down
forced inhalation, scalenes muscles, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor
muscles contract
ribs rise
external respiration
air leaves lungs
passive process; diaphragm and rib muscles relax
froced expiration; contraction of intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
lungs decrease in size with contracting ribcage
ribs move down and inwards
diaphragm moves up