Respiratory System
organs of respiration system & locations
upper respiratory tract
lower respiration tract
nasal cavity- the nasal cavity is inferior of the nose and divided by the nasal septum
paranasal sinuses- cavities within bone
nose- air enters nose through external nares (nostrils)
Pharynx- (throat) is the muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx (passage of air only)
primary branchi- formed by divisions of trachea and enters the lung
lungs- occupy most of the thoracic cavity and apex is near clavicle(superior) base rest of diaphragm(inferior) and each lung is divided into lobes by fissure (2 lobes on left and 3 on the right)
trachea- connects larynx with branch and fairly rigid because of the c-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage to keep airway open at all time
breathing mechanism
inspiration- increase/ upward in size of thoracic cavity and downward or decrease pressure
expiration- passive process, diaphragm and ribs relax
pulmonary ventilation- movement of air in lungs; depends in pressure gradient
respiration- entire process of exchanging gases between atmosphere and body cells
control of respiration- respiration center- several groups of neurons in medusa oblongata & pons; control rate and depth of breathing
Physical factors- increased body temperature, exercise, talking, coughing, and emotions
chemical factors- increase CO2 and decrease respiration, acts directly on medulla oblongata
definition of lung capacity terminology
inspirational capacity- tidal volume pluss inspirational reverse volume
vital capacity- inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume
functional residual capacity- residual volume plus expiratory reserve volume
total lung capacity- sum of all volumes
anatomy of respiratory tract
trachea
primary branchi
larynx
lungs
pharynx
paranasal sinus
nasal cavity
nose
difference of right & left bronchi & lungs
bronchi
lung
right- wider, shorter, and straighter
left- smaller and larger due to the presence of the heart on the left side
right- contains three lobes
left- has 2 lobes, cardiac notch, 10% smaller
internal & external respiratory
internal- exchange of gases between blood capillaries and body cells
external- gas exchanges between alveoli and blood capillaries
major functions of respiratory system
gas exchanges between blood and extremal environment
passageways to lungs purify warm and humidify the incoming air
disorders
COPD- hard time breathing, coughing and frequent pulmonary infection, hypoxic, respiratory failure, causes of death and disability
Emphysema- alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through, inflammation, lung fibrosis, airways collapse during expiration, barrel chest, cyanosis
chronic bronchitis -mucosa becomes inflamed, mucus production increases, pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange, lung infection, pneumonia
lung cancer- associated with smoking, cause death
sudden infant death- unexplained infant death, due to neural respiratory control center or abnormal heart rhythm
Ashtma- inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages, response to irritants with depend, coughing, and wheezing
birth defects- cystic fibrosis-oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system