Respiratory System
Disorders of Respiratory System
Organs of Respiratory system & location
Difference of Right & Left Bronchi & Lung
Breathing Mechanism
Definition of lung capacity terminology
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract
Internal & External respiration
Function #1: Gas exchange between blood & external environment
Function #2: Passageways to lungs purify warm and humidify the incoming air
Pharynx
Trachea
Paranasal sinus
Larynx
Upper Respiratory tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Nasal Cavity: the nasal cavity is inferior of the nose and divided by the nasal septum
- olfactory receptors (sense of smell) located in mucosa on superior surface
- rest lined w/ respiratory mucosa
- Function: moistens air & traps incoming foreign particles
- lateral walls have conchae
- Function: Increase surface area & increase air turbulence w/in nasal cavity
- Function: Increase surface area & increase air turbulence w/in nasal cavity
Nose: air enters nose through external nares (nostrils)
Pharynx: ( throat) is the muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx Passage of air only
- Three regions
- Nasopharynx: superior region behind nasal cavity
- Oropharynx: middle region behind mouth
- Laryngopharynx: inferior region attached to larynx
- oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
- oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
Paranasal Sinuses : cavities w/in bones
- frontal, sphenoid ethmoid, maxillary bone
- lighten the skull
- resonance chambers for speech
- produce mucus
Primary Bronchi: formed by division of trachea and enters the lung
- right bronchus is wider, shorter, & straighter than the left, due to the presence of the heart on the left side
- bronchi subdivided into smaller & smaller branches
Lungs : occupy most of the thoracic cavity and apex is near clavicle (superior) , base rest on diaphragm ( inferior) & each lung is divided into lobes by fissure ( 2 on left & 3 on right)
Trachea : connects larynx with bronchi and fairly rigid because of the c-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage to keep airway open at all times
- lined with ciliated mucosa
- beat continuously in opposite direction of incoming air
- mucus loaded w/ dust & other debris away from lungs
right and left bronchi
right and left lung
Right: is wider, shorter, and straighter
Left : smaller and larger due to the presence of the heart on the left side
Right: contains three lobes
Left: cardiac notch, 10% smaller, 2 lobes
Internal Respiration: exchange of gases between blood capillaries & body cells
External Respiration: gas exchange between alveoli and blood capillaries
Inspiration : increase/ upward in size of thoracic cavity and downward/decrease pressure
- Diaphragm: moves down
- moves ribs up and sternum forward
- Forced inhalation: scalenes muscles, sternocleidomastoid & pectoralis minor
Control of Respiration : respiratory center: several groups of neurons in medulla oblongata & pons; control rate & depth of breathing
- Chemical Factors: increase CO2 & decrease respiration, acts directly on medulla oblongata
- CO2 levels in blood s the main reg. chemical for respiration
- decrease in O2 levels and increase in respiration
- chemoreceptors in aorta & carotid artery
- info sent to medulla oblongata
- Physical Factors: increased body temp., exercise, talking, coughing, emotion
Pulmonary Ventilation: movement of air in lungs; depends in pressure gradient
- before inspiration, pressure in lungs (Pl= pressure of atmosphere) & (PA= 760mm Hg)
- Inspiration: flow of air into lung
- Expiration: air leaving lung
Expiration: passive process, diaphragm and rib muscle relax
- elastic recoil of starched elastic fibers of lungs decrease/downward lung volume and increase pressure forcing air out
- forced expiration requires concentration of intercostal ribs muscles & abdominal muscles
Functional residual capacity: residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
Vital Capacity: inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume+ expiratory reserve volume
Inspirational capacity: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Total lung capacity: sum of all volumes
Nasal Cavity
Primary bronchi
Nose
Respiration: entire process of exchanging gases between atmosphere and body cell
- Breathing or ventilation : moving air in & out of the lungs
- Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrion of the cell; oxygen carried as oxyhemoglobin in blood
Lungs
Larynx: voice-box, is the passageway in the head through which air flows.
- contains tiny hairs, & is lined w/ sticky mucous membranes that trap dust, pollen, & other particles that enter the nose
Chronic Bronchitis : mucosa becomes inflamed, mucus production increases
- Effects: pooled mucus impairs ventilation & gas exchange
- risk of lung infection increases
- pneumonia is common
Lung Cancer: 1/3 of all cancer deaths in US, associated w/ smoking
- Three common types:
- squamous cell carcinoma
- adenocarcinoma
- small cell carcinoma
Emphesyma: alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through
- Causes: chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
- airways collapses during expiration
- patients use a large amount of energy to exhale
- Effects: over inflation causes barrel chest
- cyanosis ( blue skin due to lack of oxygen in blood & tissue) late in disease
- cyanosis ( blue skin due to lack of oxygen in blood & tissue) late in disease
Sudden Infant death Syndrome (SIDS): unexplained infant death
- Causes: neural respiratory control center or abnormal heart rhythm
Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Patients almost always have a history of smoking
- Effects: labored or difficulty breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe
- Coughing & frequent pulmonary infections are common
- Hypoxic ( insufficient O2 in tissues)
- leads to respiratory failure
- Major causes of death & disability in the US
Asthma: chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages
- response to irritants w/ dyspnea, coughing & wheezing
Birth Defects: cystic fibrosis, over section of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
Aging Effects: elasticity of lungs decreases, vital capacity decreases; blood O2 levels decreases, stimulating effects of CO2 decrease
- More risks of respiratory tract infection