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Migration and the New Negro Woman (Deborah Gray White (Marcus Garvey and…
Migration and the New Negro Woman
Deborah Gray White
"decade of transition in women's rights and black circumstances marked the permanent decline of the National Association of Colored Women. With it went the idea that progress of African Americans was marked by progress of black women." p. 112-113
following 1920--women's influence over congress waned, could not stick together so congress no longer worried about their numbers at the same time white america returns to old-fashioned racism
Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
black nationalism
"promised to rescue black women from the labor force by giving them men who were providers" p. 121---embraces ideal of white victorian woman not the "New Woman" (moving backwards in regards to womens rights
militant black male
the "New Negro"
places black women on pedestal, positive image of themselves, admiration
*
poem on page 123
Amy Jacques Garvey
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UNIA's feminist conscience--refuses to take a backseat "women had done too much for their families and communities to be designated second-class citizens by black men" p. 139
takes a hit during great depression--but WWI and migration to North stimulates new militancy
20s attack ideas of sexuality--white women become flappers, black women become blues women
*
role of music in accepting sexuality (sexual liberation movement)
young women move out of oppressive south--respond to the New Negro and New Woman movements
Elise Johnson McDougald
On "The Double Task: The Struggle of Negro Women for Sex and Race Emancipation"
Women in business and professions
: husbands are insuffciently paid, abandoned the family, or have passed away--face the problem of taking care of children/household while also leaving the house everyday to earn a living---have more opportunities in New York (nurses, teachers, librarians, secretaries, etc)
Women in trades and industry
: grouped with women in business and professions--have overcome adversity, barrier of lack of captial
Wives and Daughters of men who are in business
: touched faintly by their races hardships, "the problem confronting the refined Negro family is to know others of the same achievement" p.2
Women struggling on in Domestic Service
: "Negro woman is sought after for this unpopular work, largely because her honesty, loyalty and cleanliness have stood the test of time. Through her drudger, the women of other groups find leisure time for progress. This is one of her contributions to America." p.5
socioeconomic analysis of four groups of black women (wealthy to working class) **Harlem- provided opportunities "here the Negro woman is free from the cruder handicaps of primitive household hardships and the grosser forms of sex and race subjugation" p. 1
"I would say that the Negro woman is the cultural equal of her man because she is generally kept in school longer" p.6
concluding sentences--admiration of black woman "the wind of the race's destiny stirs more briskly because of her striving" p.7
Amy-Jacques Garvey
"Women as Leaders"
"We are tired of hearing Negro men say, 'There is a better day coming,' while they do nothing to usher in the day" p.579 starting to take matters into own hands--women deserve leadership roles in activist movements
"who is more deserving of admiration than the black woman, she who has borne the rigors of slavery, the deprivations consequent on a pauperized race, and the indignities heaped upon a weak and defenseless people? Yet she has suffered all with fortitude, and stands ever ready to help in the onward march to freedom and power" p.579---after all black women have done for the bettering of the black community they deserve more
White men are pushing white women forward, why can't black women be pushed forward "women of all climes and races have as great a part to play in the development of their particular group as the men" p.578