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Wilhelm (Historical Perspectives (“Long considered a private matter in…
Wilhelm
Historical Perspectives
“Long considered a private matter in North America, education is not even mentioned in the US Constitution (Basham, 2001)” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 306).
“Throughout history, societies have home-educated (Gordon & Gordon, 1990) and schooling at home has been practiced throughout American history. Instruction typically came from the parents or through the employment of a private tutor” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 306).
“Basham (2001) notes: ‘‘In 1980, home schooling was considered illegal in 30 states. It has only been legal in all 50 states since 1993’’ (p. 4)” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 307).
“It was not until the early 1960s that home education was again promoted as a viable, alternative response to compulsory public education” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 307).
“In 1962 the Supreme Court Case Engel v. Vitale banned public schools from requiring recited prayers that were done previously in the public schools” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 307-308).
“The next year, 1963, witnessed the case, Abington School District v. Schempp, which forbade voluntary prayer from being uttered in schools” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 308).
“The third case was the famous, Murray v. Curlett, which effectively removed Bible reading from state schools” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 308).
Introduction
The sociodemographic characteristics of home schooling families tend to fit one of two categories: ideologues and pedagogues. (Wilhelm, 2009, p. 304)
“In the fall of 1995, the US Department of Education (US DOE) estimated that approximately 850,000 students were being home schooled. However, according to the national organization Home School Legal Defense Association, by the fall of 1996 there were 1.2 million home schoolers” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 304).
“Generally, home- schooled applicants achieve above average ACT and SAT scores and aptly complete their college degrees” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 304).
“The notoriety that the home school movement has achieved prompted the generation of the present article, helping readers both to be better informed as well as to provide a context for aptly understanding the phenomenon” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 303).
“Although public universities at one time viewed high school graduates from home schools with suspicion, Wasley (2007) indicates that now the pendulum has swung the opposite direction, and home- schooled students generally are in high demand” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 304).
Home Education Movement Today
In fact, according to Ray (1997) of the National Home Education Research Institute, home-schooled students in grades 1–4 perform typically one grade level higher than their public and private-schooled peers. However, by grade 8, the average home-schooled student performs four grade levels above the national average. (Wilhelm, 2009, p. 310)
Parental participation is known to be a significant, positive factor in students’ achievement (Lewis & Forman, 2002); but when deeply involved parents pull their children out of the public schools, it has implications for the remaining children and school milieu. (Wilhelm, 2009, p. 312)
Results showed that religiously motivated home school educators used a motivating style that was more controlling than styles utilized by public school teachers. (Wilhelm, 2009, p. 311)
Finding the right balance between cooperation with home school parents—and viewing these children as needing to reunite with their local public school systems—are likely the most salient future challenges deserving future attention. (Wilhelm, 200, p. 312)
“Rudner’s findings, when comparing academic standing between home school, public school, and Christian school, found that over- all, test scores for home-educated students fell between the 75th and 85th percentiles” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 310).
Concern for Character Education
"Character formation and the moral development of students have become a central issue in American education and school reform initiatives in recent years." ( Wilhelm, G.M.,& Firmin, M. W, 2009, p. 304)
"A unique feature of Christian school and home education milieu is that they offer the potential of providing a cohesive environment that potentially could promote the amalgamation of their perspective toward character and virtue." (Wilhelm, G.M.,& Firmin, M. W, 2009, p. 305)
"In short, the move away from traditional, Biblical work views, has been a salient contributing factor to the present home school movement." ( Wilhelm, G.M.,& Firmin, M. W, 2009, p. 306)
“The historical Christian underpinnings and social context for Biblical morality served as an active part in early American education” (Wilhelm & Firmin, 2009, p. 305)
Martin-Chang
Runder
"First, only families who enlisted the services of a privatized educational testing company were approached to participate."
"In the year the data were collected, it was estimated that between 70,000 and 120,000 children were being homeschooled in the United States, yet only 39,607 used this particular service (Rudner, 1999)."
"However, the method of administration may have differed systematically between the groups. In the homeschooled population, the child’s parent often administered the tests (see also Kunzman, 2009). In contrast, when the norms were established, the children were tested by professionals."
Materials
Demographic questionnaire.
“Mothers participating in the study were asked to fill out a demographic questionnaire pertaining to family structure (marital status, number of children in the family, etc.), parental education, parental employment, and household income. “(Martin-Chang, 2011, p. 198)
Academic achievement.
“academic achievement is considered to be the formal demonstration of learning (including knowledge, understanding, and thinking skills) attained by a student as measured by standardized academic achievement tests”(Martin-Chang, 2011, p. 198)
Procedure
“Precautions were taken to ensure that the child was near enough to the other members of the family to establish a high level of security, but separated enough to create a private, distraction-free work area.”(Martin-Chang, 2011, p. 198)
"The majority of testing took place in the children’s homes (n 71), although in three cases, an alternative location was requested by the participants (home of a friend n 2; mother’s private office n 1)."
All of the tasks were administered during the last half of the academic year (February to June) and took place during one 45-min session.
Barwegen et al.
“Results showed that students with high perceived parental involvement (e.g., having high expectations, input into course selection, etc.) had significantly higher standardized scores than students with low perceived parental involvement” (Martin-Chang, 2011, p. 196)
“Barwegen et al. (2004) proposed that the elevated test scores of homeschooled children in previous research may have reflected greater parental involvement rather than general educational superiority.”(Martin-Chang, 2011, p. 196)
Method
Participants
"The homeschooled group consisted of 20 boys and 17 girls with a mean age of 7 years 11 months (range 5 years 5 months to 10 years 8 months)."
"Potential candidates were screened during telephone interviews to ensure that the children in the homeschooled group had not attended public school (from Grade 1 onward) and that children in the comparison group had not been homeschooled".
Homeschooling Subgroups
"The majority of the homeschooling parents reported that they “often” or “always” used premade curricula or structured lesson plans to teach their children."
Discussion
“However, our results also show that the homeschooling community comprises subpopulations and suggest that the clear advantage of homeschooling may be limited to situations where parents create structured environments, at least in terms of performance on academic tests.”(Martin-Chang, 2011, p. 200)
“This advantage may be explained by several factors including smaller class sizes, more individualized instruction, or more academic time spent on core subjects such as reading and writing”(Martin-Chang, 2011, p. 200)
background
"In the United States, best estimates place the homeschooling population above 1.5 million children (National Center for Education Statistics, 2008)."
Ray
“Homeschoolers who obtained the highest scores came from high-income families with university-educated parents, who invested at least $600 each year (per child) on educational materials.” (Martin-Chang, 2011, p. 196)
Current Study
“, the purpose of the current study was to compare the academic achievements of homeschooled children with a similar group of children attending public school.”(Martin-Chang, 2011, p. 196)
Exploratory Analyses
“In the first set of analyses, the unstructured homeschoolers were compared (n 12) with the children attending public school (n=37). As depicted in Figure 1, the children in public school had a higher mean grade level for all seven measures compared with the unstructured homeschoolers (mean differences ranged from 0.64 for the Calculation test to 1.67 for the Reading Comprehension test). (Martin-Chang et al., 2011, p. 199)
“In the second set of analyses, the unstructured homeschooled children (n 12) were compared with the homeschooled children taught from a structured curriculum (n 25). As shown in Figure 1, children in the unstructured group had lower scores on all seven academic measures compared with the structured homeschooled group.” (Martin-Chang et al., 2011, p. 199)
“Furthermore, it does not appear that the differences between groups are simply due to either the family’s income or the mother’s educational attainment.” (Martin-Chang et al., 2011, p. 200)